Bloods and the Crips free essay sample

One of only a handful scarcely any parts of mankind that separates us from different creatures is our capacity to show sympathy† As expressed by a various very much regarded thinkers. On the off chance that you can interface with a person’s feeling, you can put a solid effect on them. Narratives utilize this strategy when attempting to pass on a contention. This is as individuals are simpler to persuade when they are sincerely helpless. Stacy Peralta’s narrative, Crips and Bloods: Made in America, utilizes this procedure. It does this by utilizing the accompanying strategies, causing the crowd to feel blame, indicating realistic pictures and talking certain individuals from the general public that watchers feel thoughtful towards. Blame is a feeling that can assume control over a person’s inner voice and contort their discernment. The Crips and Bloods: Made in America does this astoundingly well. It shows how white individuals rejected African Americans from society and removed their feeling of self-esteem. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bloods and the Crips or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We are urged to see the white individuals as ourselves. This technique is available through different focuses in the narrative. One of which is when African Americans were dismissed from youth associations, for example, the boy troopers, which were prevalently white. This made African Americans feel an absence of acknowledgment and energized them making their own clubs and gatherings that were initially peaceful. Feathered creature, an African American that attempted to join a scouts and got dismissed, expressed that when he joined a posse â€Å"It caused one to feel like they had some status, a character. The viciousness possibly started when they were limited to remaining in their own neighbor hood and police showed ruthlessness upon them. Another African American, who was dismissed from the cub scouts, Kumasi expressed, â€Å"we never considered ourselves a group, that was the depiction the city and the police gave us. † This urges the watcher to feel just as the individual in question is liable for their abuse. It is stated, à ¢â‚¬Å"a picture merits a thousand words. † This aphorism features the viability of pictures when passing on a message and interfacing with the watcher. At the point when the narrative, Crips and Bloods: Made in America, shows realistic pictures of African Americans that are treated in a ghastly way, this incites the crowd to set up a passionate association with the narrative. At a certain point in the narrative it shows white men hanging African American’s, this scene was built to inspire exceptional feelings from the crowd. This scene is appeared toward the start of the show to attract the watcher at the earliest opportunity. Another scene in the narrative that utilizes this strategy is demonstrated halfway through the narrative. Kumasi states â€Å"part of the mechanics of abusing individuals is to debase them to the degree that they become the instruments of their own mistreatment. † This announcement clarifies how police persecuted the African Americans, at that point soon after they abused themselves through group wars. Pictures of African Americans lying in a pool of blood in the wake of being shot are appeared, some of which are individuals who weren’t part of posses or savagery. It is later clarified that youngsters were shot while strolling to class since they were a piece of a group of an opponent pack. This slideshow of pictures is a decent portrayal that pictures can be more successful than words in narratives. One of the most passionate pieces of the narrative, Crips and Bloods: Made in America, is the point at which the moms of African Americans that were shot are met. Meetings give the narrative a solid feeling of authenticity. Slow and pitiful music is played while the moms clarify how their children are killed. As the names of the individuals murdered are shown, the moms start to cry. At the point when they are demonstrated to be crying this can be extremely contacting to the crowd initiating pitiful feelings. A short time later one of the moms clarifies that crying is the main way she gets through, this urges the crowd to accept that it is adequate to cry expanding the passionate association between the narrative and the crowd. This scene in the narrative presents profound feelings bringing the watcher into the narrative. Taking everything into account various narratives use feelings to bring the watcher into the narratives contention, one of which is the narrative, Crips and Bloods: Made in America. It does this by causing the crowd to feel blame, demonstrating realistic pictures of murders making the crowd be troubled and meeting certain individuals from the general public that watchers feel thoughtful towards.

GBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GBM - Essay Example What is known is the normal incentive to the appropriation of Brownian movement at time =2. Thusly, the focal point of the circulation is known, for example what the normal estimation of the dispersion is and this will be the normal estimation of W2= 0. It will consistently be zero, paying little heed to what point in time we see the Brownian movement. The desire for Brownian movement at all focuses on a plain whenever is 0 according to property one. Not exclusively will the normal incentive whenever be 0, yet additionally typically appropriated. The pinnacle of the ordinary circulation is focused at 0, implying that the Brownian movement will be dispersed as a typical variable with expected worth 0 and difference t. Property three identifies with the idea of property number two, for example the Brownian movement increase, which is the contrast between the two Brownian movements (Wt - Ws). Accordingly, the contrast between the two Brownian movements is additionally regularly appropriated and the difference of the Brownian movement increases (Wt - Ws) is (t-s), where t represents time and s represents a point in time which varies from t. (t - s) is the distinction in double cross periods between estimations of our Brownian movement. Thusly, taking a gander at the Brownian movement at two distinct focuses in time, the normal augmentation , the desire for the distinction of these two Brownian movements ( E [Wt - Ws])=0 and the fluctuation of this distinction ( Var [Wt-Ws]) = t-s. It develops that the difference is relative to time. Different properties of Brownian movement express that the procedure Wt has fixed and autonomous additions. I don't get it's meaning to state that the Brownian movement has fixed augmentations? Taking a gander at a case of a Brownian movement at time = 0 (W0) and the equivalent Brownian movement at time = 1 (W1) and afterward taking a gander at a diagram of our Brownian movement , it moves the Brownian movement increase further in time by a steady sum (a). This will be W0+a and W1+a and this means

75 Podcast Episodes About Minimalism

75 Podcast Episodes About Minimalism If you listen to The Minimalists Podcast, but youre not a supporter, then youve missed out on 75 private podcast episodes so far. Dont fret! You can still listen to every episode youve missed. The Minimalists Private Podcast is available exclusively to our $2 Patreon supporters. Every week, we record a short Postscript episode, and because its private, were able to be our most candid with our small audience of supporters. Once you become a supporter, you’ll receive a personal link to our private podcast feed so that it plays in your normal podcast player (see the screenshot below). In addition to our weekly Postscript episodes, The Minimalists Private Podcast feed includes our monthly Ask The Minimalists Anything episodes, unreleased recordings of our live events, and the entire back catalog of past private episodes. Here are three of our favorite private-podcast episodes: Live event: 071 | Dallas Postscript: 064 | Anxiety Postscript QA: 059 | Ask The Minimalists Anything #11 As a Patreon supporter, you also receive access to our monthly livestream videos, as well as first access to tickets to all of our live events before those tickets are available to the general public. Your support keeps our podcast 100% advertisement-free. Thank you! Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Country and Jazz - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1036 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Music Essay Level High school Tags: Jazz Essay Did you like this example? Although Jazz and Country Music originated in America around the same era, Jazz differs from Country Music in several ways. Their styles, genres, musicians, and current audience are a few of the major differences. The origins of Country Music can be found in recordings that Southern Appalachian fiddle players made in the late 1910s near the Tennessee-Virginia border. Many of these fiddle tunes came over from the British Isles around the 1700s. It wasnt until the early 1920s, however, that Country Music was a familiar genre. The first commercial recording of Country Music was Sallie Gooden by fiddlist Eck Robertson in 1922 (History of Country Music). Most historians point to 1927, however, as the birth of Country Music because of a man named Jimmie Rodgers. Rodgers is known as the Father of Country Music. He is credited with the first million-selling single, Blue Yodel #1, and his series of songs. All of which was recorded between 1927 and 1933, establishing him as the first dominant voice in Country Music (Jimmie Rodgerss Biography). Rodgers was later inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1961. Many other Country musicians old and new have had quite an impact to Country Music like Jo hnny Cash, Hank Williams, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, and so many others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Country and Jazz" essay for you Create order In contrast to Country, Jazz Music was born in New Orleans, Louisiana during the early 1900s, however, its roots can be found in both African and European musical traditions. New Orleans around the turn of the 20th century was a place filled of cultural and ethnic diversity. As a result, musicians were exposed to an assortment of music styles and sounds. It was a meeting, mixing, and merging of many cultures, several emotions, and many skills. Some historians point to Buddy Bolden as the key developmental figure of New Orleans style Jazz. As well, many early jazz musicians credited Bolden and his bandmates with having originated what came to be known as Jazz. Although the term was not common musical use until after the era of Bolden. No one in the band could read sheet music so all compositions played were either copied from other bands or created on the spot, helping to generate the spontaneous improvisation that would become a hallmark of jazz (Buddy Bolden). Unlike Rodgers, Bolden was not well recognized. Many other Jazz musicians, like Country, have had quite an impact on the development of Jazz like Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, Billie Holiday, to name just a few. The musical styles of early Country Music were similar to their British ancestors. The lyrics, on the other hand, were completely different. The Americans preferred practical issues such as real-world experiences (ranching, logging, mining, railroads) and real-world tragedies (bank robberies, natural disasters, murders, train accidents) (History of Country Music). I personally like Johnny Cash on occasion and Jimmie Rodgers reminds me a lot of Cash. Rodgerss music is similar to the type of music where the lyrics are almost talked rather than sung, with little instruments used, and the lyrics are about something the singer relates to personally. Rodgerss music was actually influenced by the blues music styling, similarly, some Jazz music genres were too. His hit Blue Yodel #1 captures a part of his life as a young man working as a railway brakeman and traveling musician (YouTube, Waiting for a Train). Some of Rodgerss most popular songs were actually versions of blues classics. Similar to Country, Jazz has had many periods and genres from the 1900s until present. Early development, during the 1920s, is considered The Jazz age. Throughout this period, Jazz Music was called New Orleans or Dixieland Jazz. Developed in New Orleans and later spread to Chicago and New York. Very popular in its time, it combined elements of the blues, ragtime and brass band marching beats, whilst different instruments, such as the trumpet, trombone and clarinet improvised intricate patterns around the melodies. However, the famous musician Louis Armstrong had a changing influence on the sound of Jazz. He was such a brilliant trumpet player that he was allowed to play solos and became Jazzs first great soloist. He is known for songs like Star Dust, La Vie En Rose and What a Wonderful World (YouTube, What a Wonderful World). Country-Pop is perhaps the most listened to today as far as Country Music goes. It is a blend of Country and Pop music and is the sound of many modern artists such as Thomas Rhett, Luke Bryan, Florida Georgia Line, Carrie Underwood, and many others. This genre first appeared in Nashville during the 1960s. Jim Reeves was one of the first successful Country-Pop musicians. He scored his greatest success with Hell Have to Go a hit on both the popular and Country Music charts (Jim Reeves). Most Country-Pop songs include musical sounds from guitars both electric and acoustic, bass, drums, and vocals. There have been many different genres of Country between the 1920s and present. Including Bakersfield Sound, Texas Country, Red Dirt, Western Swing, Bluegrass, Rockabilly, and country-rap to name a few. As far as today, nearly all styles of Jazz are still active including Dixieland, classic Jazz, bop, hard bop, post-bop, the avant-garde and various forms of fusion. The popularity of Jazz has definitely slowed down though. While old and modern Country has stayed rather on top as a popular genre of music as a whole, Jazz not so much. In my opinion Jazz has had a harder time reaching the newer generations. Mostly affected by Jazz stereotypes and cultural ideals. Unlike Country Music, I cant vouch for what genre of Jazz is most listened to today. Furthermore, I can say that Jazz seems to have held onto its music roots. On the other hand, Country is distinctly different today than it was in the early 1900s. Jazz today is still popular but mainly for older folks and cultural ideal breaking individuals. Country and Jazz Music have many similarities and differences. They may have different audiences, styles, and genres, however, their similarities such as era, country of origin, and inspirations tie them together. Sources Jim Reeves https://countrymusichalloffame.org/Inductees/InducteeDetail/jim-reeves Instruments in Country Music: https://countrymusichalloffame.org/education/instruments-in-country-music#.W-8ScC-ZPBI History of Country Music: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-country-music-934030

Swot for Topman - 1287 Words

5.0 SWOT Analysis Strengths: Topman already has more than 309 fashion stores nationwide with another 50 stores outside the United Kingdom division. Topman boasts the worlds largest fashion store in London with over 200,000 shoppers per week, Topman gets twice deliveries per day and 7,000 looks per season. In the year 2006, Topman’s operating profit hits 110 million with its annual sales of 600 million now. It brings a strong brand image of Topman based on the successful achievement to consumer’s mindset. Strong brand image builds confidence and reliability towards Topman’s product. In a nutshell, expending Topman’s market in Vietnam has a strong potential to gain sustainable profit. Topman has their very own Internet website where†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is detached from the Vietnamese market. Opportunities: Topman will be opening their first stores in America (New York) in 2008 also a store in China the same year and are currently looking for shop space in Paris. These were actually a starter and its greatly hoping to expand in these countries. Topman’s unique style and flair is reminiscent of their European roots, and offer Vietnamese the opportunity to explore new fashion options which taps into the new Anglophilia fashion craze. Topman could grab the attention of Vietnamese as its clothing line is embedded with strong European fashion feel. Topman is welcome innovations and creativity with open arms. The interest and the support of up coming fashion graduates and discovering the next big thing in talent at the same time as keeps their collections fresh. Their strong design teams creates new looks that are not just catwalk lead. Expanding stand alone shoe stores throughout the country their only competitors would be faith and office who sell to a similar customer Topman can also offer their premium range. Expanding their children’s wear, many fashion conscious mothers shop at Topman. They would buy on trend clothing at reasonable prices for their children; this could work and be successful, and would prove a threat to competition including the Baleno and MNG. Topman would be the first to enter the Vietnam market. This could bring a lot ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Topman SWOT Analysis1275 Words   |  6 PagesTopman SWOT Analysis Strengths: Topman already has more than 309 fashion stores nationwide with another 50 stores outside the United Kingdom division. Topman boasts the worlds largest fashion store in London with over 200,000 shoppers per week, Topman gets twice deliveries per day and 7,000 looks per season. In the year 2006, Topman’s operating profit hits 110 million with its annual sales of 600 million now. It brings a strong brand image of Topman based on the successful achievement to consumer’sRead MoreFashion Marketing1282 Words   |  6 Pagestshirts, wool jumpers, plain black work trousers and shirts etc. (http://www.ciao.co.uk/Topshop) Its primary sales come from a range of products including clothing and fashion accessories, and is mainly known for its women s clothing, with Topman having been created in the late 1970s to cater for male customers. The business has also expanded into the online fashion retail arena. (wikipedia.org/wiki/Topshop) Type of market they opperate in is defined as the Fashion market. Topshops typicalRead MoreTopshop Marketing Plan5356 Words   |  22 Pagesshaped by the UK’s market trends. The UK’s consumers are driven by the economical and political unstable environment and the digital evolution. The internal analysis indicated that the company is preforming well compared with its competitors. The SWOT analysis presented that TOPSHOP has important strengths and opportunities which could overwhelm the threats and weaknesses. The Porter’s Five forces analysis indicated that the power of buyers and the competitive rivalry are high whereas the threatRead MoreTopshop in Mexico5565 Words   |  23 Pageseducation * Government policies support FDI * There is a competitive retail environment in Mexico * Mexico’s infrastructure is poor but improving and is high on the political agenda * Topshop has recently sold 25% stake of the Topshop and Topman chain, making them debt free and open to investing in global expansion * There is a growing middle class * The target demographic is middle class females between the ages of 15-34 * A joint-venture with a department store is recommendedRead Moretopshop marketing plan1483 Words   |  6 Pageslike to achieve An outline of the main products and services sold A financial analysis of your business including sales and profitability A S.W.O.T. analysis of your business to set a line in the sand]   SWOT analysis The strength of the Topshop Corporation is that the owner of Topshop is the Arcadia Group, which can provide favorable management and strong financial support for its subsidiary company. Moreover, the Topshop brand has take a large marketRead MoreThe Analysis of Zara4664 Words   |  19 Pageswithin the marketing environment of ZARA. 1 1.1 Introduction of marketing environment 2 1.2 Macroenvironment-----PESTLE analysis of ZARA 2 1.3 Microenvironment analysis of ZARA 4 1.4 Poter’s three generic strategies on ZARA 4 1.5 SWOT analysis of ZARA 5 2 The importance of market research,marketing mix and service innovation for Zara 6 2.1 The importance of market research for ZARA 6 2.2 The importance of Marketing mix for ZARA 9 2.3 The importance of ZARA’S ServiceRead MorePrimark Strategic Marketing Audit5274 Words   |  22 PagesStrategy Appendix 12. Distribution strategy 24. Brand Identity Prism 14. The Competition 15. Brand Positioning Map 16-17. HM 18-19. Financial Analysis 25. Rogers Theory of Innovation 26. Consumer Segmentation Table 27. Ansoff’s Matrix Theory 28. HM SWOT Analysis 29. Like for Like Comparison 20-21. External Analysis 30. PESTLE Analysis 22-23. Objectives 31-32. Bibliography This marketing audit will critically analyse the current marketing situation for the leading high street brand Primark, withRead Moreâ€Å"an Analysis of Marks and Spencer’s Current Strategic Position, and How Marks and Spencer’s Will Develop These Strategies in the Future.†3095 Words   |  13 PagesExecutive director for marketing Steve Sharp stated that although past advertising campaign were very successful in getting the message across, it was important for Marks and Spencer to keep looking forward and to move on. (CorporateMamp;S, 2010) Swot Analysis Strengths: * Excellent and quality products * Mamp;S high street giant, Stores all over UK high streets * Financial strength, large slice of market share in many retail sectors, leader in others * Long term relationshipRead MoreZara Mkg Plan5206 Words   |  21 PagesÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….......3 2.1 Market Summary Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…3 2.1.1 Market Demographics Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 2.1.2 Market Trends Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….5 2.1.3 Market Needs Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…......6 2.1.4 Market Growth Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…7 2.2 SWOT Analysis Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 2.2.1 Strengths Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….8 2.2.2 Weaknesses Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….9 2.2.3 Opportunities Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….10 2.2.4 Threats Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...10 2.3 Competition Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Read MoreZaras Marketing Strategy4316 Words   |  17 Pagestough market conditions have favoured speciality chains such as Zara, which can respond to consumers more quickly and at lower cost. (excerpt from Fà ¡shion attack by Euro-retailers on our ˆ3.3 billion market in Sunday Business Post, 16 November 2003). SWOT Analysis Zaras strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a source for developing a competitive advantage. The absence of certain strengths may be viewed as weaknesses. Although Zara has a successful business model that differs

In Cold Blood Paper Ap English Free Essays

At What Cost? â€Å"No one will ever know what In Cold Blood took out of me,† Capote once said. â€Å"It scraped me right down to the marrow of my bones. It nearly killed me. We will write a custom essay sample on In Cold Blood Paper Ap English or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think, in a way, it did kill me. † Truman Capote learned his own hard lesson that â€Å"More tears are shed over answered prayers than unanswered ones† in writing In Cold Blood. Capote’s interest in writing an article on his fascination over the impact of brutal, senseless murders in a rural community rapidly transforms into pure obsession to write a novel that would revolutionize the literary world. This leads him to significantly change his behavior in a destructive manner and ultimately this negatively impacts his life. In the movie Capote, Truman blithely told Alvin Dewey, the lead investigator, â€Å"It really doesn’t make any difference to me if the case is ever solved or not. † His intentions going to Holcomb, Kansas were to produce an article that examined the effects of a brutal, senseless killing of the Clutter family on an unknown rural community. The community was inflicted with insomnia, loss of faith and trust, and suspicion which first attracted Truman to Holcomb, Kansas to write an article. Capote states â€Å"they believed that the murdered was among themselves† (Capote 88). Capote and his close novelist friend, Harper Lee, quickly forge relationships with the community to obtain stories from them. However one sees, as both the story and movie progress, Capote becomes more intrigued by the actual case, especially after meeting the murderers, developing an emotional connection with them. Capote’s literary aspirations to write an article on the impact of these murders to this community change after he meets with the detained killers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. Capote fosters a close, warped friendship with Smith. Capote is now entrenched into the bowels of the details of the murders and in the mind of Smith so he decides that he must write a novel. His goal is to now publish an award winning non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood. Capote’s motives are now altered and he will do whatever it takes to write a critically acclaimed novel. After Smith and Hickock are sentenced to death, Capote realizes for his novel to be a success that he needs to keep them off of death row as long as possible so that he can obtain all possible gruesome details and their inner thoughts. To do this, Capote decides to hire them high- powered lawyers. He begins to relate with Smith on a personal level to get all important details for his novel and he actually allows himself to become psychologically attached. Capote and Smith shared similar troubled childhoods as they both were neglected by reckless mothers. He realizes that he could have become like Smith and no longer sees Smith as a monster. By personally connecting with Smith is a twisted way, Capote becomes obsessed with the whole case and it changes his behavior and his life. Capote reveals several character flaws in his pursuit of writing an award winning novel. He quickly learns to lie to obtain information and does not seem to have any issue in exaggerating facts or even manipulating those that he is interviewing. An example of this behavior is when Smith confronts Capote about the title of his book and Capote lies stating that his editor named the book. He even stoops to unethical behavior when he bribes a prison warden at Leavenworth with money so that he has unlimited access to meet with Smith. It was callous knowing that Capote was on precipice of his utmost success in his career as Smith says goodbye to Capote as he heads to his hanging death. In the movie, Capote begins to neglect the people he cares about to do whatever it takes to get the details for his novel. He convinces himself that he is just being a good friend to Smith who is in need. It portrays his true selfishness and his destructive motivations that lead him to no longer listen to those he loves and trusts. Capote rejects the wisdom of his long-term friend, Harper Lee and even of his male companion back in New York City. His male lover warns him to be careful what he does and what he does to get it. Harper Lee, his friend and associate is disgusted at Capote when he states that there was not anything that he could do to save Smith and Hickock. She replied that that fact is that he really did not want to. He unfortunately is blinded by his own ambitions and does not want to admit that he is using others around him to reach his goal. His self-centered choices negatively impact his inner-soul. The writing of this novel, In Cold Blood, changes Capote forever; it was the peak of his career that over time turns on him and escalates out of control. The movie concludes with a quote from an unfinished book â€Å"More tears are shed over answered prayers that unanswered ones. † Capote should have heeded the advice of his closest friend and lover. He did whatever he had to do to get what he wanted: a story that would revolutionize the literary world. At first, he befriends Smith to use him to get his story, however he later becomes emotionally attached and actually finds a friend. Capote got his story from Smith but at what cost? His novel changed the literary world but after all, he loses a friend and even himself. â€Å"No one will ever know what In Cold Blood took out of me,† Capote once said. â€Å"It scraped me right down to the marrow of my bones. It nearly killed me. I think, in a way, it did kill me. † How to cite In Cold Blood Paper Ap English, Papers In Cold Blood Paper Ap English Free Essays At What Cost? â€Å"No one will ever know what In Cold Blood took out of me,† Capote once said. â€Å"It scraped me right down to the marrow of my bones. It nearly killed me. We will write a custom essay sample on In Cold Blood Paper Ap English or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think, in a way, it did kill me. † Truman Capote learned his own hard lesson that â€Å"More tears are shed over answered prayers than unanswered ones† in writing In Cold Blood. Capote’s interest in writing an article on his fascination over the impact of brutal, senseless murders in a rural community rapidly transforms into pure obsession to write a novel that would revolutionize the literary world. This leads him to significantly change his behavior in a destructive manner and ultimately this negatively impacts his life. In the movie Capote, Truman blithely told Alvin Dewey, the lead investigator, â€Å"It really doesn’t make any difference to me if the case is ever solved or not. † His intentions going to Holcomb, Kansas were to produce an article that examined the effects of a brutal, senseless killing of the Clutter family on an unknown rural community. The community was inflicted with insomnia, loss of faith and trust, and suspicion which first attracted Truman to Holcomb, Kansas to write an article. Capote states â€Å"they believed that the murdered was among themselves† (Capote 88). Capote and his close novelist friend, Harper Lee, quickly forge relationships with the community to obtain stories from them. However one sees, as both the story and movie progress, Capote becomes more intrigued by the actual case, especially after meeting the murderers, developing an emotional connection with them. Capote’s literary aspirations to write an article on the impact of these murders to this community change after he meets with the detained killers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. Capote fosters a close, warped friendship with Smith. Capote is now entrenched into the bowels of the details of the murders and in the mind of Smith so he decides that he must write a novel. His goal is to now publish an award winning non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood. Capote’s motives are now altered and he will do whatever it takes to write a critically acclaimed novel. After Smith and Hickock are sentenced to death, Capote realizes for his novel to be a success that he needs to keep them off of death row as long as possible so that he can obtain all possible gruesome details and their inner thoughts. To do this, Capote decides to hire them high- powered lawyers. He begins to relate with Smith on a personal level to get all important details for his novel and he actually allows himself to become psychologically attached. Capote and Smith shared similar troubled childhoods as they both were neglected by reckless mothers. He realizes that he could have become like Smith and no longer sees Smith as a monster. By personally connecting with Smith is a twisted way, Capote becomes obsessed with the whole case and it changes his behavior and his life. Capote reveals several character flaws in his pursuit of writing an award winning novel. He quickly learns to lie to obtain information and does not seem to have any issue in exaggerating facts or even manipulating those that he is interviewing. An example of this behavior is when Smith confronts Capote about the title of his book and Capote lies stating that his editor named the book. He even stoops to unethical behavior when he bribes a prison warden at Leavenworth with money so that he has unlimited access to meet with Smith. It was callous knowing that Capote was on precipice of his utmost success in his career as Smith says goodbye to Capote as he heads to his hanging death. In the movie, Capote begins to neglect the people he cares about to do whatever it takes to get the details for his novel. He convinces himself that he is just being a good friend to Smith who is in need. It portrays his true selfishness and his destructive motivations that lead him to no longer listen to those he loves and trusts. Capote rejects the wisdom of his long-term friend, Harper Lee and even of his male companion back in New York City. His male lover warns him to be careful what he does and what he does to get it. Harper Lee, his friend and associate is disgusted at Capote when he states that there was not anything that he could do to save Smith and Hickock. She replied that that fact is that he really did not want to. He unfortunately is blinded by his own ambitions and does not want to admit that he is using others around him to reach his goal. His self-centered choices negatively impact his inner-soul. The writing of this novel, In Cold Blood, changes Capote forever; it was the peak of his career that over time turns on him and escalates out of control. The movie concludes with a quote from an unfinished book â€Å"More tears are shed over answered prayers that unanswered ones. † Capote should have heeded the advice of his closest friend and lover. He did whatever he had to do to get what he wanted: a story that would revolutionize the literary world. At first, he befriends Smith to use him to get his story, however he later becomes emotionally attached and actually finds a friend. Capote got his story from Smith but at what cost? His novel changed the literary world but after all, he loses a friend and even himself. â€Å"No one will ever know what In Cold Blood took out of me,† Capote once said. â€Å"It scraped me right down to the marrow of my bones. It nearly killed me. I think, in a way, it did kill me. † How to cite In Cold Blood Paper Ap English, Essay examples

Specific web or mobile application Essays - E-commerce,

Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: ANSWER Mobile apps can be defined as an application powered by internet and run on the smart phones devices and other capable phones as per the requirements of the applications. With this discovery a lot has been improved from how people use to translate their daily activities. Mobile users are now able to connect to internet via their mobile and do all sort of activities something which was a dream some years back. Accessibility to the internet has been made easier with this new innovation; user can access internet using different portable mobile devices. There are different type of mobile application which can range from, mobile web site bookmarking a utility, an emailing application for example Gmail for mobile or yahoo for mobile, a mobile based application for example instant messaging client and a mobile banking application for example immobile. Am going to elaborate more on the mobile banking as a mobile application of my choice, in my discussion am go to discuss how is it used? What changes has it brought about to its users? What are some likely future uses and enhancements? IMobile can be defined as a mobile application which offers a secure banking facility to its users which ranges from all forms of banking activities and wide informative services by taking care of its users needs from they mobile phones devices. This application has made it ease and convenience for the users to perform different transactions from they devices. This includes checking of your bank accounts balances, transferring of money from one account to another, paying of bills for example, water and electricity bills, and more other kinds of transactions as you wish from the place of your choice with you mobile device. Am going to elaborate how it Imobile application work in term of paying bills, before i elaborate first i will point out the major advantage of this features of immobile. With the increase population every service provider facilities is working so hard to try and reduce the time spend by customer queuing to pay they bills. With this application the solution is realized since one can now pay his or her bills without having to spend a hectic time standing in a queue waiting to be severed. This is done following lied procedures, you choose from you mobile phone menu the bill payment option then choose pay bill after which you enter the facility/ service provider pay bill number and the amount to pay. Selecting pay after you writing your correct password is the last step in the process. Immobile application has brought so many advantages to the user in the banking word. This including making all the banking services available to you at your comfort which was not the case pre to this greater innovation. The convenience of the application has improved people lifestyle since you dont have spend a lot of time queuing for services or to do a transaction. Whenever you have that need you do it from any area you are in, you do have to visit the bank to know you account balance or transfer money to a different account. In term of security this application has improved the sector in to a new whole level; the application security modulus employs a very high level of encryption mechanism which ensures that the transactions are done in a very securely manner. Since this is internet banking threat should be eliminate to zero level for it to be successful. All sensitive in formations are stored in high level servers which are securely well to make the breaking into very difficulty. No sensitive banking data is stored on the mobile device of the user. Imobile application has improve how different banking activities were use to be done previously. It ensures that banking activities are done in a more securely ways where by customers are given the opportunities to transact in a more secure manner ,payments for different day to day activities, for examples booking for a football march ticket, movies tickets , travel tickets and any other form of booking are now done from your mobile phone device. Research is going on to see the future direction this innovation is taking, perhaps it will increase the human-mobile interaction where by

How To Motivate Your Team To Write Great Content - CoSchedule Blog

How To Motivate Your Team To Write Great Content Blog Its not easy to write killer content over and over again, day after day. It is even more difficult when you arent the one writing, only guiding a team through the process. Step 1: Let your writers write! How do you motivate a team to produce better content? Or sometimes, how do you get them to produce any content at all? Bark, Beg, and Badger Usually, our first inclination is our worst. Hopefully we get better as we guide our team over time, but that doesnt stop us from badgering our writers a bit too much in the beginning.  We send reminder emails.  Sarcastic hints. Eye rolls. Yelling that tanks morale and friendships. These arent all that motivating, or successful. They rarely lead to long-term improvements. There is a better way. Ownership One of my go-to management theories for nearly everything has been the principal of ownership. When writers feel a sense of ownership on a project, they become more willing to do amazing things. They work late, they put in the extra time, and most importantly they take pride in what they do because they arent just doing it for you. They are doing it for themselves. Giving your writing team ownership in what they do gives their words power.This is powerful motivation, but it doesnt happen by accident. How do we motivate our teams? How do we give them a sense of ownership? 1. Let Them In Too many editors assume that their writers cannot be trusted. This is insulting, and makes grown adults feel like a child. Great editors move beyond this, and trust their writers first by letting them in on what we are doing. If they simply cant be trusted, then they probably shouldnt be on your team (and that is a different problem entirely).  This means that you should make them a part of your big decisions. Their opinion needs to count. It also means that your job is not to lord over them. Rather, your job is to delegate big goals, and then get out of the details and out of their way. 2. Let Them Be Them Most editors were writers first, and that makes it easy for them to meddle and place too much control over what their writers do and how they do it. Dont micro manage. Trust your writers, and let them develop their own spin, their own voice, and their own style. Of course, this doesnt mean that you withhold all restraints. Boundaries are good and necessary. Just dont be over zealous in your control, and recognize that your tendency is to go at least one step too far. 3. Create a Creative Environment When we over-extend ourselves as managers, we turn a creative process into a robotic one. We create   templates, guidelines, and standards that suck creativity out of the room. We believe that our limitations bring quality, but if they are over the top, they can do the exact opposite. Creativity is a powerful tool. We have to recognize  that our writers are creative people, and give them the opportunity to embrace it. This means that we need to be willing to let them try something new, let them explore, let them fail, and let them succeed all on their own.

The 8 Most Common Mistakes You Make on ACT English

The 8 Most Common Mistakes You Make on ACT English SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Over the past five years, I've tutored dozens of students on the ACT and seen them miss the same types of questions over and over again. The ACT English section really only tests a handful of concepts, so it's easy to make the same exact mistake onthree or four questions- which really hurts your score. Don't worry, though! I've come up with eightsimple rules you can follow to help you avoid the most common problemson the ACT English and automatically raise your score 1-2 points. Use my ACT English strategies and practice on a lot of realistic questions, and you'll raise your English score. A lot of common mistakes revolve around going with the answer that sounds right rather than the choice that follows the rules. To help you spot the difference, I'llgo through the mistakes most students make in order of frequencyand explain how you can avoid them: Avoiding NO CHANGE Not removing redundant or irrelevant words Insertingtoo many commas Incorrectly punctuating independent clauses Mixing up it's and its Using they instead of he or she Glossing over the question Missing modifier errors Mistake #1: Assuming Every Underlined Portion Includes an Error NO CHANGE seems like it must be wrong, but it's actually correct slightly more than 25% of the time. Don't automatically rule out choice A orF, and don't second guess yourself if you have NO CHANGE as the answer for multiple questions in a row. Instead, if you can't find an error and think NO CHANGE might be the best choice, look at the differences between the answers and try to determine whattypeof question it is. Are all the answers verbs? It's probably a verb tense or subject-verb agreement question. Does each answer have commas placed in different locations? It's likely a comma question. (Keep in mind, however, that some questions test more than one concept.) Once you know what kind of question it is, you can determine whether the original version avoids the error. Is the verb properly conjugated? The commas properly placed? The trick to not being confused by NO CHANGE is treating it like any other answer. If the best version of the underlined portion is the original one, then pick A. For more information on the frequency of NO CHANGE, check out our full analysis. Mistake#2: Leaving in Extra Words Relevanceand redundancy are two of the least intuitive concepts on the ACT English section. Questions that test these topics require you eliminate totally grammatically acceptable phrases that often seem to add information. The key to understanding how to approach these questions is recognizing that not all information is useful. Take a look at this example sentence: Every spring, I go through my yearly house-cleaning ritual and clean my home. This sentence is perfectly grammatical and easy to understand. However, it repeats certain ideas unecessarily. "Every spring" is by definition "yearly," so we don't need the second word. Moreover, the "ritual" is explicitlydescribed as "house-cleaning," so "and clean my home" is redundant. Every spring, I go through my house-cleaning ritual. If an answer restates something that's already been established or adds information that isn't directly related to the point at hand, it's probably wrong. Try taking the extra wordsout and see if the sentence still makes sense (both grammatically and logically). If so, pick the answer that leaves out the unnecessary words. Don't be afraid to choose OMIT the underlined portion, if you think the passage works without the whole underlined section. For a more in depth take on redundancy questions, see our full post on the topic. Mistake #3: Adding Unnecessary Commas Many students believe that you should put a comma any place in a sentence where there's a pause, but this approach will result in your missing a lot of questions. Take a look at the following example: I know Callie thought that accusing Jon, of stealing the headphones, would just cause more problems. These commas may seem correct, but they're actually unnecessary. Although this sentence is fairly long, it doesn't require any commas at all: I know Callie thought that accusing Jon of stealing the headphones would just cause more problems. The truth is that commas are only necessary in very specific situations. A good rule of thumb is "When in doubt, leave it out!" If comma questions are tripping you up, our complete guide to commas on the ACT can help you understand when you need them and when you don't. This is not a wise attitude to take towards commas. Mistake #4: Connecting Independent Clauses Incorrectly One of the most common ACT English comma issues is called a comma splice, it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses (this sentence is an example!). There are four correct ways to connect two complete thoughts: a period, a semicolon, a colon, and a coordinating conjunction with a comma. Let's look at some alternate versions of the sentence above: Incorrect: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. Incorrect: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice and it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. Correct: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice. It occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. Correct: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice; it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. Correct: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice: it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. Correct: One of the most common comma issues is called a comma splice, and it occurs when a comma is used to connect two independent clauses. For more information on comma splices and other forms of run-on sentences, take a look at our in depth article. Mistake #5: Confusing It's, Its, and Its' The differences between can seem complicated, especially if you haven't studied them in a while, but they're actually quite straight forward. Its, with no apostrophe, is a possessivepronoun. It's equivalent to "his" or "her," which you'll notice don't have apostrophes either. It's, with an apostrophe before the s, is a contraction of "it is" or "it has." Contractions always have to have an apostrophe to replace the dropped letter or letters. Its', with an apostrophe after the s, isn't a real word. This construction will appear as an answer on the ACT but it's always wrong. When trying to determine whether the word needs an apostrophe, you should replace it with with "it is" (or "it has," depending on context) and see if the sentence makes sense. If so, "it's" is correct. If not, "its" is. Let's go over an example: The cat pinned back its' ears to show displeasure. We know "its'" can't be correct- we just have to determine whether it should be "it's" or "its." Let's plug in "it is" and see if that makes sense: The cat pinned back it is ears to show displeasure. That version doesn't make sense. "Its" is the correct choice, since the pronoun is meant to indicate that the ears belong to the cat: The cat pinned back its ears to show displeasure. For more information on its vs. it's and other apostrophe issues, check out our post on punctuation. This deer may be confused, but you don't have to be! Mistake #6: Using They or Their as a Singular Pronoun When we speak, we routinely use the plural pronouns "they," "their," and "them" to refer to individuals on uncertain gender (e.g. the child, the teacher, the inventor).In written English, however, this usage is considered a pronoun agreement error: the noun is singular, but the pronoun replacing it is plural. Take a look at this example sentence: Incorrect: At the end of many fantasynovel, the protagonist must face their nemesis in single combat. Correct:At the end of manyfantasy novels, the protagonist must face his or hernemesis in single combat. Though it may seemoverly complicated, the second version of the sentence correctly matches noun and pronoun. Pronoun agreement is frequently tested and can be tricky, so consider checkingout our complete guide to pronoun agreement on ACT English. Mistake #7: Not Reading the Question Because most of the questions on ACT English revolve only around underlined portions of the passage, it’s easy to gloss overquestions when they appear. However, as with the other sections of the ACT, it's extremely important to carefully read the questions and think about what they're asking. Usually, the best indication of the answer is right there in the question. This ruleis especially vital toanswering questions that ask about which version of a sentence or phrase is best. It can be tempting to simply pick the answer you think sounds best, but this approach will usually give you the wrong answer. Instead, look atwhat the question is asking for, e.g. "specific details" or "information that sets up a contrast." The ACT English section includesa pretty wide range of questions that usethis format, so if you're struggling with these types of questions take a look at some of our general advice on the ACT English questions and passages. Mistake #8: MisplacingModifiers Misplaced and dangling modifiers- descriptive words or phrases that are incorrectly placed in a sentence- are another type of weird error that oftendoesn't seem wrong. Nonetheless, the ACT includes them fairly frequently, so keep this key rule in mind: a modifier must be next to whatever it modifies. Incorrect: While walking, the banana peel tripped me. Correct: While walking, I tripped on the banana peel. Dangling modifiers (which, like the example above, are introductoryphrases that are separated from the thing they're modifying) are especially tricky. Be on the lookout for sentences that begin with descriptive phrases- they must be followed by the noun theydescribe. For further details on both dangling and misplaced modifiers, see our grammar guide to ACT Englishfaulty modifiers. Keep on going towards the score you want! (Image: Piermario/Flickr) What's Next? Take the time to get comfortable with other frequently tested concepts like subject-verb agreementandpronoun case. Looking to build a study plan? Read our complete plan to studying for the ACT, review what the ACT English actually covers, and take a practice test (or five!). If you're aiming especially high (or even if you aren't), make sure to check out these 9 key strategies from a perfect scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction Essay

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction - Essay Example Since maintenance work is a short term work â€Å"Term Contracts† are preferable over â€Å"Lump sum contracts†. The contract again can be sourced on a â€Å"work order† basis because the items and duration of work are not known accurately, beforehand. The preferred contractor shall carry out the maintenance work for a set period of two years as mentioned in the contract. (The University of Reading, Facilities management directorate academic building maintenance strategy 2005–2007 ) The contracted work includes maintenance of Concrete Work, Brickwork and Block work, Scaffolding and Staging, Carpentry and Joinery, Ironmongery, Steel and Metal Work, Plasterwork and other Floor, Wall and Ceiling Finishes, Glazing, Painting, Demolitions, Electrical Installation as detailed in the SOR. (Feilden, 1990) These works are done piecemeal. The maintenance is done over the entire stretch of large campus thus some sites become quite far-flung increasing the time and expenditure for completion of the work. To cater to the maintenance a large workforce is required. Now that an efficient and effective model for minimum cost maintenance work of the campus has been developed it is hoped that the model will be emulated every next time the buildings need to be refurbished. As per CDO norms the future maintenance works have been adopted on term basis. The maintenance of the campus has been allocated to outside contractors and the ways of reducing the maintenance costs are sought for at every stage. Two different price bases are being considered, This brief report summarizes and enumerates the various steps taken at each level of selection, sorting and implementation of tenders submitted by the contractors. (Information Management in a Contractor: A Model of the Flow of Project Data, Norman Fisher, Li Yin Shen, p.318). The tenderers are required to submit their tenders with the tendered trade

Interest of the United States of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interest of the United States of America - Essay Example Whereas Theodore Roosevelt, Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger are usually remembered as having viewed foreign policy primarily as a tool for the use in the pursuit f power and national interests. Realism in its most concentrated form argues that the head f state should solely be interested in achieving things which will further national interests, with complete disregard for things like human rights if they don't directly contribute to this achievement. A common explanation for the realist way f thinking is concisely put when it is stated that, 'leaders must deal with the world the way it is, not as they would wish it to be. The key assumptions f realism say that; states are the main components f the international system and that these states are motivated and ought to be motivated by their own interests and the search for power. It is also assumed that; the balance f power is imperative to international stability and that relations between states should be trying to obtain this international balance f power, not to change other states policies. (Ikenberry 2006) During the presidential debate f 11th f October 2000, when George W. Bush was asked to speak about what the guidin g principle for his foreign policy would be, he took a classic realist line: "The first question is what's in the best interest f the United States What's in the best interest f our people When it comes to foreign policy that will be my guiding question. Is it in our nation's interests" A true realist will oppose giving 'moral' concerns priority over foreign policy objectives. They object to what is often seen by other states as unwanted 'medalling' in idealist approaches to foreign policy, as there are both practical and political difficulties when intervening in the domestic affairs f other states. Interference in the internal affairs f another state is seen as an infringement f its sovereignty. This sort f behaviour would only make the USA unpopular in the wider world and this does not serve American interests, in fact it would obstruct its ability to pursue them. In realist terms humanitarianism is an often-unaffordable luxury, as is the ability to only align themselves with states f common moral and political beliefs. However the practice f power politics cannot often oblige. The USA has in the past been willing to support extreme right-wing regimes, even when they are known to be violators f human rights, so long as the regime was pro-America, or at least anti - communist, (the 'lesser f two evils' strategy). It can be summarised in one sentence; the world must be taken as it is found and statesmen should stay faithful to moral principles where possible but must always be willing to bend these principles when necessary to protect the interests f the state. Modern day realism tends to reject the multilateral approach to action, as favoured by the Clinton administration. It is unclear, however, if this change in favour f American unilateralism will be a lasting one. (Mead 2007) Pure idealism argues that one should take the moral route under all circumstances, regardless f the effect it has on the states national interests. Idealism is motivated by the key assumptions that; the state is only one f the

Toyotas Innovation Management and Success Factors

Toyotas Innovation Management and Success Factors   Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background The primary reason for choosing this research topic is my genuine interest in cars and my intention to work in the automobile industry. And there could not be a better topic than to study the most significant change at the top which is the emergence of Toyota as the global leader. Although a lot has been written about Toyota, but this dissertation will study it from a different perspective, i.e. innovation management and critical success factors. Toyota Motors Corporation (TMC) has become one of the biggest car manufacturers of the world from a humble start seventy years ago (Toyota, 2008). Toyotas has been one of the most phenomenal success stories in the ultra-competitive automobile industry and can be a great benchmark for any company. The company has posted record annual earnings for almost a decade and has become the most profitable car manufacturer on the planet. And in the market that matters the most, the USA, its unbroken sequence of record sales stretches back even further. Fifty years ago, the Big 3 US carmakers (GM, Ford, Chrysler) dominated the industry, both in the US and worldwide. Now Toyota is set to overtake GM as the worlds largest carmaker, ending 70 years of dominance (BBC, 2007). Toyotas success is even more remarkable given the problems elsewhere in the industry (see Appendix 1). GM and Ford are cutting thousands of jobs and closing plants, while Toyota is building one new plant each year. Ford in parti cular has found the going tough and a $12.7 billion deficit in 2006 coupled with significant losses among its subsidiaries signals the most miserable year of the companys existence. As GM and Ford have racked up huge losses in the past few years, their financial ratings have shrunk. Toyota is now worth 10 times as much as GM on the stock market. So how has Toyota managed to buck the trend so dramatically? (Strategic Direction, 2007) Toyotas success with U.S. customers begins with the appeal of its cars and trucks, which are prized for their quality and durability, ease of operation, and thoughtful features such as controls that are intuitive to operate. Since demand is high and inventories typically low, Toyota, unlike Detroit, sells cars with skimpy marketing incentives, which protects its margins and boosts resale prices (Taylor, 2003). Moreover, Toyota does its homework thoroughly. For instance, the company closely monitors economic and demographic developments and regularly sends its researchers out in the field to interview those who matter most people who buy the cars. Keeping its ear to the ground ensures that the automaker remains best positioned to anticipate evolving customer preferences and future trends. Others carry out similar functions, so what makes Toyota different? How can a Japanese company be best at knowing what does the American car buyer want? This dissertation attempts to find out these factors from a different perspective; innovation. The competitive advantage that many Japanese firms had gained in their respective industries came not from advantages in â€Å"hard† technology †¦ but from the way they manned the same technology †¦ Toyota attained holistic integration of technology with people, organization, product and strategy †¦ the difference lay in their socio-technical system (Liker and Meier, 2006). 1.2 Aims and objectives of research The aim of this dissertation is to establish the factors leading to Toyotas success over GM in the US automobile market. In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives have been set:- To review critically the body of literature of innovation theory in explaining Toyotas success. To identify the changing critical success factors where Toyota gained the advantage. To study other factors and theories (like national competitive advantage) which led to Toyotas success. In order to achieve these aims and objectives, literature review is carried out in the next chapter which critically evaluates the theory surrounding this topic and then refined research questions are developed which will be answered by collecting secondary data. 1.3 Structure of dissertation This dissertation has been divided into five chapters. They are organised as follows: The first chapter describes the background of this research, a brief introduction about Toyota and this dissertations structure. It also mentions the aims and objectives of this dissertation which are broad but get refined at the end of chapter two. The second chapter critically evaluates the literature studied for this dissertation including innovation theory, critical success factors and other factors. It forms five propositions at the end of that chapter which are more refined research questions. Chapter three describes the methodology and discusses how the research is conducted to achieve the objectives set earlier. This chapter reviews the various factors of research design like research philosophy, paradigm, strategy and approach. It evaluates the options available and justifies the options chosen by the author. After methodology, research findings and discussion are presented in chapter four. Here secondary data is presented and used to test the propositions formed at the end of chapter two. Chapter five finishes this dissertation with conclusions and recommendations. And finally, the author shares his learning experience in the reflections section. Chapter 2: Literature Review This part of the dissertation will start with reviewing critically the body of literature in innovation theory and changing critical success factors in context to the automobile industry in general, and Toyota and GM in particular, to help explain the formers success over latter in US market. Besides these two theories; some other theories like national competitive advantage, lean etc are discussed in the third section. This chapter will end in forming research propositions based on the theories reviewed. Although this chapter is primarily designed to review general theory concerning automobile industry, the author has cited particular examples about Toyota and GM in some places as seen relevant to stress the point. 2.1 Innovation Innovation is defined in Oxford dictionary as ‘†¦ something established by introducing new methods, ideas, or products. In todays competitive world, innovation essentially can provide companies new ways to beat the competition. â€Å"Innovation process involves the exploration and exploitation of opportunities for new or improved products, processes or services, based either on an advance in technical practise, or a change in market demand, or a combination of the two. Innovation is therefore essentially a matching process† (Fagerberg et al, 2006). ‘†¦ not to innovate is to die wrote Christopher Freeman (1982) in his famous study of the economics of innovation. Certainly companies that have established themselves as technical and market leaders have shown an ability to develop successful new products. Innovation is defined by Myers and Marquis (1969; cited by Trott 2005) as not a single action but a total process of interrelated sub processes. It is not just the conception of a new idea, nor the invention of a new device, nor the development of a new market. The process is a combination of all these things acting in an integrated fashion. A new idea is normally the starting point for innovation. It is neither innovation nor invention; it is merely a concept or thought. The process of converting these ideas into a new product or service is invention. To convert that to a successful profit generating offering in a market is exploitation. And this complete process is innovation. Innovation has long been argued the engine of growth. Schumpeter (1934, 1939 and 1942; cited by Trott 2005) was among the first economist to emphasise the importance of new products as stimuli to economic growth. He argued that the competition posed by new products was far more important than marginal changes in the prices of existing products. For example, a car manufacturer can achieve far more growth by introducing new, efficient cars or new features than just slicing down prices. Fane et al. (2003) studied the Schumpeters view in detail. Schumpeter employed innovation to explain Kondratievs â€Å"long waves† in business cycle theory, those of 54 to 60 years duration, and the nature of the economic growth processes. The Kondratiev/Schumpeterian view gained increased popularity at the end of the 20th century. Innovation, for Schumpeter, was not the same thing as invention innovations may be copied and may not be protected by â€Å"intellectual property rights†, or IPRs, (with the exception, perhaps, of trade secrets) while inventions are protected for a specified period of time by IPRs such as patents and copyrights. Innovations for Schumpeter reflect: the introduction of â€Å"new methods of production† or a change in current production functions; the creation of â€Å"new forms of organisation†; the discovery of â€Å"new sources of supply†; or the opening of â€Å"new trade routes and markets†. Further, he identifie d the source of innovation as the consequences of the actions within a capitalist system of the entrepreneur seeking competitive advantage in the quest for profit. Another theory argues that sustained economic growth arises from competition among firms. Firms try to increase their profits by devoting resources to creating new products and developing new ways of making existing products. There have been many economists supporting the argument that innovations could be associated with waves of economic growth as mentioned earlier. Albernathy and Utterback (1978) contended that at the birth of any industrial sector there is radical product innovation which is then followed by radical innovation in production process, followed, in turn, by wide-spread incremental innovation. Some firms develop a reputation for innovation and it helps propagate a virtuous circle that reinforces a companys abilities. Trott (2005) views this concept as a specific example of Porters (1985) notion of competitive advantage. Porter argued that those companies who are able to achieve competitive advantage that is, above-average performance in an industry sector are able to reinvest this additional profit into the activities that created the advantage in the first place, thus creating a virtuous circle of improvement, or competitive advantage. The success or failure of a firm depends on a strategic competitive advantage. Competitive advantage can be achieved by delivering the product at lower cost or by offering unique benefits to the buyer. It can take many years for a company to build a reputation for being innovative, but once it has done so, it attracts further creative people leading to further leaps in innovation. But the company also has to provide the right atmosphere f or that by encouraging creativity and willingness to accept new ideas like Toyota does. Marketing also plays a very important role in the innovation process as it helps in finding out what customers want. This is crucial as success in the future will lie in the ability to acquire and utilize knowledge and apply this to the development of new products which meets and exceed the target customers expectations. But recent studies by Hamel Prahalad (1994) and Christensen (2003) suggest that listening to your customer may actually stifle technological innovation and be detrimental to long term business success. While sustaining or incremental innovation may appeal to existing customers as they provide improvements to established products; disruptive innovations tend to create new markets which eventually capture the existing markets. For example, the launches of video CDs have made the VHS cassettes obsolete. 2.1.1 Models of innovation There are two schools of thought over what drives innovation; market-based view and resource-based view. The market-based view argues that market conditions provide the context which facilitate or constrain the extent of innovation activity. This of course depends on the firms ability to recognise opportunities in the market place. The resource based view of innovation considers that a market-driven orientation does not provide a secure foundation for formulating innovation strategies for markets which are dynamic and volatile; rather a firms own resources provide a much more stable context in which to develop its innovation activity and shape its markets in accordance to its own views (Wernerfelt, 1995). 2.1.2 Types of Innovation Innovation can be divided into following types (adapted from Trott, 2005): Product Innovation: The development of a new product. E.g. A new car model. Process innovation: The development of a new manufacturing process. E.g. lean manufacturing, flexible platform sharing. Organizational innovation: A new venture division; a new communication system; introduction of new procedures. Management innovation: TQM systems; Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) which are explained in details later. Production innovation: Quality circles; Just In Time (JIT) Environmental Innovation: These are the authors views (see section 2.1.6). Among the various types of innovations mentioned, the author will discuss some crucial management and environmental innovations which will help in tracing down the factors behind Toyotas success. 2.1.3 Management Innovation 1: Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM can be defined as: An effective system for integrating the quality development, quality maintenance and quality improvement efforts of the various groups in an organization so to enable production and service at the most economical levels which allows for full customer satisfaction (Feigenbaum, 1986). An effective TQM approach demands all the employees in an organization to be involved. It regards quality as the responsibility of everyone and not limited to a manager or a particular department. Quality and employee improvements are therefore inextricably linked and should be part of a continuous cycle. TQM is an ongoing process of continuous improvements and incremental innovations. The impact of small, relatively easy to achieve improvements can be very positive. Much of the improvement in the reliability of cars over the past twenty years has been attributed to a very large number of improvements initiated by thousands of employees in all the manufacturing companies involved (Trott, 2005). Toyotas commitment to quality can be appreciated by this example. If there is even a small defect like a seatbelt not fitted properly, the workers can pull a cord and stop the production line until the problem is resolved. Workers at the Toyota plant in Georgetown, Kentucky, pull the cord 2,000 times a week and their care is what makes Toyota one of the most reliable, and most desired, brands in the US. In contrast, workers at Fords brand-new truck plant in Dearborn, Michigan, pull the cord only twice a week indicating the legacy of generations of mistrust between shop-floor workers and managers (Schifferes, 2007). Toyotas relentless cost engineering creates efficiencies that Detroit can chase but not match. Its philosophy of continuous improvementrethinking the thousands of steps that go into building each modelallows Toyota to constantly trim material costs and production time. For example, the company lowered the base price of its 1997 Camry by 4%, after taking steps that included streamlining the front-bumper assembly from 20 parts to 13 and reducing the number of steel body fasteners from 53 to 15. Such improvements enable Toyota to assemble a car in 21 hours, vs. 25 for Ford, 27 for Chrysler and 29 for GM (Greenwald et al., 1996). (See also appendix 4) However, in pursuit of continuous improvement, there could be some stages where a radical change may involve complete withdrawal of a procedure leading to potential job losses for the employees. So the employees would be reluctant to pursue that idea. The very feeling of process ownership by the employees may obstruct radical change, i.e. TQM may not support major innovation (Giaver, 1998). 2.1.4 Management Innovation 2: Quality Function Deployment (QFD) QFD is another important management innovation. Making design decisions concurrently rather than sequentially requires superior coordination among the parties involved marketing, engineering, operations and most importantly, the customer. Quality function deployment is a structured approach to this problem that relates the voice of the customer to every stage of the design and delivering process. It promotes better understanding of customer demands and design interactions. For a company to achieve its own quality goals it must include and consider the quality programmes of its suppliers and customers. Identifying the causes of uncertainty, determining how this affects other activities in the supply chain and formulating ways of reducing or eliminating the uncertainty is essential to the management of all the processes involved. Here is an example to illustrate this. McDonalds built a restaurant in Moscow. To achieve its required and expected level of quality and service, the company set up an entire supply chain for growing, processing and distributing the food. McDonalds made sure that all parties along the whole chain understood its expectations of performance and closely monitored performance (Upton, 1998). The QFD approach requires trust between all parties. As in the modern world, the competition between organizations effectively becomes competition between supply chains. Only by innovating within the organizations supply chain, in terms of product and service, will the organization survive. 2.1.5 Management Innovation 3: Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) This is a completely opposite approach to that of incremental innovation preached in TQM. Slack et al. (2004) defines BPR as ‘The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed. This approach is quite similar to that of Peters (1997) who suggests total destruction of company systems, hierarchy and procedures and replacing them with a multitude of single-person business units working as professionals. He argues that small modest improvement enshrined in TQM detracts effort from the real need to reinvent the business, i.e. ‘Incrementalism is an enemy of innovation. He argues that a radical approach is the only way organizations can be sufficiently innovative to survive in the twenty-first century. But BPR is criticised as one of the major downsizing tools common in 1980s and 1990s. The combination of radical downsizing and redesign can mean the loss of core experience from the operation. If taken too far (e.g. if the short term improvement was achieved at the expense of support for RD expenditure) the resulting organization could become hollow and die. Also, the core business has to be sound otherwise BPR is akin to ‘flogging a dead horse (Trott, 2005). So, an organization has to take care that their core knowledge is passed on and they do not suffer due to BPR. 2.1.6 Environmental Innovation The author has found a gap in literature in the form of environment innovation. It is not limited to any product or process innovation, but it is the holistic process companies have to follow to keep pace with the changing environment (also see section 2.2.1). Companies round the world are making more fuel efficient cars and alternative fuels to reduce the burden on fossil fuels. GM has realized this a little late and now their full attention is towards environmental innovation. This is because fancy designs and add-ons are not sufficient to compete in the environment-conscious market. Auto makers are under pressure to produce more efficient cars that use less fuel and thus pollute less, in part because petrol prices have soared in recent years in the US, but also because they will soon be required to do so by law. In December 2007, US President George W Bush signed an energy bill that will force the industry to cut average emissions from all vehicles. By 2020, the average must have been slashed by 40% to 35 miles per gallon, and the industry is convinced they will be able to deliver though it will not come cheaply (Madslien, 2008). Today, a fuel called biodiesel, which is derived from vegetable oil, is used throughout Europe. While it has been used in the United States in fleet vehicles for decades, only recently has it become more widely available to the general public. With the worlds oil supply declining and the increasing effect of greenhouse gases on global warming, the push for alternative-fuel vehicles will only continue to grow. In addition to increased production of the types of vehicles discussed here, the next step in alternative-fuel vehicles is fuel cells. A fuel cell vehicle is essentially a hybrid vehicle that is powered by an electric motor, which gets its power from a fuel cell stack rather than an internal combustion engine. There are only a handful of fuel cell vehicles in use today because the technology is still being developed. In addition, there are relatively few fueling stations with hydrogen, the fuel used to power the fuel cell stack. The U.S. Department of Energy, the agency that oversees a federally funded program to pursue fuel cell development, will decide by 2015 whether fuel cell technology is viable. Even if the decision is made to move forward, hybrid vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles—as well as those powered by diesel and ethanol—will most likely remain in use for many years (JDPower, 2008). 2.2 Critical Success Factors Critical success factors are those product features that are particularly valued by a group of customers and, therefore, where the organization must excel to outperform competition (Johnson et al., 2006). A firm needs to have the threshold capabilities and core competencies to meet the critical success factors. Threshold capabilities are the bare minimum required for an organization to be able to compete in a market without which, an organization cannot survive. The threshold levels rise over time as critical success factors change and as new competitors enter the market. So a company has to keep on reviewing and improving its threshold capabilities just to stay in the market. But this is not sufficient to create competitive advantage. That can only be achieved by unique resources and core competencies which the competitors cannot imitate. Whereas unique resources are those resources that critically underpin competitive advantage and core competencies are the activities and processes through which resources are deployed to achieve competitive advantage. So, even if a company has unique resources, without having the requisite core competencies, it cannot achieve competitive advantage. Lynch (2003) refers to CSFs as KFS or Key Factors for Success. Lynch states that KFS are those resources, skills and attributes of the organisations in the industry that are essential to deliver success in the market place. There are endless issues that can be explored by an organization, but due to limited time and resources, it is better to narrow them down to KFSs and focus the resources on the most important matters. KFS are common to all organizations in an industry but they do vary from industry to industry. They are dependent on customers expectations, quality of competition and corporations own resources and skills. The author agrees with Lynchs view of the need to concentrate the organizations resources to KSFs. But the author also feels that they are not easy to pin-point and measure. Moreover, an organization should also create new CSFs through innovation and invention. For example, the creation of digital cameras completely changed the CSFs in that industry. Another point of view is provided by Sousa et al. (1989), who call it shared experience view. The shared experiences school maintains that the area of business strategies is amenable to research aimed at finding nomological statements. It is believed to be possible to find out how different strategy types are linked to business success under various conditions. This school can be called the shared experience school, because it builds on the expectation that, if experience on business strategies is shared, it becomes possible to build up general, empirically based theoretical knowledge, which then can guide the selection of business strategy. For this school, business success is governed by causal relationships, which exist as an objective truth, and which gradually can be uncovered by research. 2.2.1 Strategic Drift and Scenario Planning. Johnson et al. (2006) describes strategic drift as the stage where strategies progressively fail to address the strategic position of the organisation and performance deteriorates (see figure 2 below). For example, GM find themselves far behind in the environment innovation sector. Therefore, the organization needs to understand and address the contemporary issues that are challenging them. The figure shows environmental change and strategic change. An organization has to keep pace with the changing environment via incremental changes and when required, transformational changes. If it fails to do so, the organization is at the risk of completely failing. Johnson et al. (2006) provides a possible solution to prevent these risks through scenario planning. Scenarios are detailed and plausible views of how the business environment of an organization might develop in the future based on groupings of key environmental influences and drivers of change about which there is a high level of uncertainty. While it is not possible to correctly predict the future, but it is valuable to have different views of possible futures. Managers should form multiple, equally plausible futures and develop contingency plans for each scenario. They have to do so by limiting the number of assumptions and uncertainties to minimum by focussing on factors that are uncertain but can have a high impact. Such scenario planning will no doubt consume some resources currently, but it can prevent huge losses in the future by limiting the number of shocks and surprises and help create a pro-active organization which moves with the changing environment. 2.3 Other Factors 2.3.1 National competitive advantage: Porters Diamond It is argued that some nations provide better environment to foster innovation than others. Porter (1990) devised a diamond to explain the four main factors helping a country build and maintain competitive advantage These are: Porters Single diamond framework 1. Factor conditions: These include the human resources; physical resources such as land, water mineral deposits, infrastructure etc; nations stock of knowledge resources such as scientific, technical and market knowledge which can affect the quantity and quality of goods and services and finally, the cost of capital and availability. Although Japan was low on natural resources, they more than made that up with their excellent human resources. Morita (1992; cited by Trott 2005) argues that ‘you will notice that almost every major manufacturer in Japan is run by an engineer or technologist. However in the UK, some manufacturing companies are run by CEOs who do not understand the technology that goes into their own products. Indeed, many UK corporations are headed by chartered accountants whose major concern is statistics and figures of past performance. How can an accountant reach out and grab the future if he or she is always looking at last quarters results? Therefore, it is i mportant for an innovative firm to have the right leadership at the top who can guide the firm into the future. 2. Demand conditions: These include the composition of demand in the home market, size and growth rate of home demand, ways through which domestic demand is internationalized and pulls a nations products and services abroad. The demand for cars in Japan was low, so Toyota ventured into US shores to feed their ever-growing ambitions. 3. Related and supporting industries: These include the presence of internationally competitive supplier industries which can create advantage through speed and efficiency. Also related industries which are internationally competitive can create value when competing or by complementary products. Toyota was competing in Japan with the likes of Honda and Nissan who themselves, were very effective in their production methods. Moreover, Toyotas JIT was successful due to efficiency of their suppliers and their ability to keep up to Toyotas high standards. 4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: This includes the way in which firms are managed and choose to compete; companys goals and their employees motivation and the amount of domestic rivalry and the creation of value in the respective industry. Apart from the above four main factors, two other variable play an important role. 1. The role of chance: Some unexpected, odd events can sometimes nullify the advantage of competitors and change the entire competitive position of a market. These could be new inventions, political decisions, wars, drastic changes in economy, oil price surges and major technological breakthroughs. Toyotas innovations like JIT, lean manufacturing, TPS and hybrids were all responsible for its meteoric rise among soaring oil prices and environmental concerns in the USA. 2. The role of government: Government can influence all four of the major determinants through actions like subsidies, policies, regulation of market, product regulations, tax laws and antitrust regulations. While some countries like Japan, provided extensive support and subsidies to promote industrial innovation, others such as United States, have aimed to create positive effects in the economy by letting the market achieve the most efficient allocation of resources with minimal possible intervention. The so-called Chicago school paradigm for promoting competitiveness and innovation, which created a belief in the free market to maximise innovation and productivity has, for more than two decades, been the dominant perspective in the United States (Rosenthal, 1993). Critique of Porters Diamond Although Porter diamond provides us a useful tool to study national factors in competitive advantage, it has some shortcomings according to Rugman et al. (2003). First, it was constructed on the basis of aggregated data on export shares for ten countries: Denmark, Italy, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA and West Germany. And it took only case studies from four industries. Therefore, it cannot be applied in every case without modification. Second, it fails to accept the notion that sometimes governments action can end up protecting a domestic industry excessively and in turn, make it less competitive internationally. Third, it considers chance as an important factor but it fails to acknowledge that it very hard to predict any such events and therefore not possible to include in an organizations strategy. Although a solution to this problem is scenario planning. (See page 14) 2.3.2 Lean and Multiple-project approach Michael Porter, could encapsulate the lean manufacturing strategy as being one which comprised (amongst other things) â€Å"a wide line of models offering multiple features†, based on â€Å"standard products† with a â€Å"wide range of options† (Porter et al., 2000).

Expository Essay Topic

Associate Program Material Characteristics of the Expository Essay What Is an Essay? An essay is an important part of your college experience because it requires critical thinking as well as organization and research. Essay is a broad term. Sometimes an essay is just a page long; sometimes, essays are five pages or longer. Essays, however, focus on a single subject and idea. They also have different purposes: to persuade, explain, or entertain. Consider the following essay titles: â€Å"Why You Should Never Vote for a Democrat† †¢ â€Å"My Friend Harry Reasoner† †¢ â€Å"Cell Phones: Getting the Most for the Least† †¢ â€Å"Gay Marriage Does Not Hurt Traditional Marriage† †¢ â€Å"How to Write an Essay† How would you categorize the essays above based on the titles? Is â€Å"Why You Should Never Vote for a Democrat† a persuasive essay or an entertaining one? Does â€Å"How to Write an Essay† explain or persuade? Even within a classification, writers use different types of development and have multiple purposes for their essays.Essay Classifications Writers classify essays in different ways. The following table includes common types of essays as well as examples: |Type of Essay |Definition |Example | | | | | |Expository Uses evidence, examples, or facts to explain a |â€Å"How to Stop Smoking† | | |concept or to inform about a topic with a thesis| | | |as its base; the information must be presented | | | |fairly and in a nonbiased manner | | |Persuasive or Argumentative |Uses evidence, examples, or facts to persuade |â€Å"High Schools Should Offer More Technical | | |your reader to accept your point of view on a |Courses† | | |subject | | |Cause and Effect |Explains why something happened and what its |â€Å"The Connection Between Trans Fats and Obesity†| | |consequences were (or will be) | | |Comparison-Contrast |Shows the similarities and differences between |â₠¬Å"Dogs and Cats Are More Alike Than Different† | | |ideas, people, objects, places, and so forth | | |Character Study |Focuses on a specific person of interest |â€Å"The Life of Richard M.Nixon† | |Literary Analysis |Analyzes one or more parts of a literary piece |â€Å"Horse Symbolism in James Joyce’s Ulysses† | | |or writing | | |Division |Takes a subject and separates its elements into |â€Å"How Parts of a Television are Connected† | | |smaller pieces to examine the relationships | | | |between or among the elements | | |Classification |Separates a large group into smaller groups |â€Å"The Wonder of Bears† | | based on the specific characteristics of the | | | |items | | |Narrative |Retells a story or event |â€Å"My Summer Vacation Disaster† | |Descriptive |Uses sensory details to show exactly how |â€Å"The Red Rock Country of Sedona, Arizona† | | |something feels, looks, smells, and so forth | | |Definition |Defi nes or specifies a word or subject |â€Å"The Beauty of Greed† | |Process |Shows how to complete a process, usually in |â€Å"Steps to Making the Perfect Pumpkin Pie† | | |steps | | Focusing on the Expository Essay Expository essays are common college assignments because they build on both critical thinking and research.Therefore, this course focuses on the expository essay—the foundation for all other types of academic writing, including research paper writing. Originally, the purpose of an expository (explanatory) essay was to explain (â€Å"How to Win at Five-Card Draw†, for example). Now, it is a more general term. Characteristics of the expository essay include: †¢ A defined and narrowed thesis in the introduction †¢ Evidence, examples, statistics, or facts in each paragraph in the body of the paper to support the thesis †¢ Information presented fairly and in a nonbiased manner, showing both sides of the topic †¢ The use of third -person rather than I or me Point of View In the world of journalism, the news is reported as objectively as possible.If television news broadcasters, for example, reported, â€Å"I think so and so,† and â€Å"I saw this-and-so,† perhaps their opinion would not be substantial enough to prove their point to the viewing audience. Somehow, using the third person seems to make the reporting seem much more objective. The same is true for essay writing. One of the main reasons academic writing requires the use of third-person point of view is to minimize the opinions of the writer. When you write in third person, you can be more objective. When you cite other sources, you also borrow from their respectability in the field and their expertise. It is almost as though you are an academic reporter. Consider the following example of how first-person opinions may be converted into an acceptable third-person topic: First Person |Third Person | |In my opinion, standardized testing negatively affects the |Standardized testing negatively affects the curriculum being | |curriculum being taught in schools and how teachers teach their |taught in schools as well as the instructional methodology that | |students. |teachers use. | | | | |In this essay, I will examine how standardized testing affects | | |the curriculum being taught in schools and how teachers teach | | |their students. | |Thesis Plus Support in the Expository Essay Most expository essays build on a similar structural pattern: 1. Introduction (including the thesis statement) 2. Supporting body paragraphs 3. Conclusion The thesis statement conveys the main idea of your essay. Use the following formula to craft your thesis statement: Limited Topic + Controlling Idea, Point, Attitude, or Slant = Thesis. The thesis is part of the introduction of your essay, usually positioned at or near the end of the introduction. The introduction also includes any pertinent background information, definition of un familiar terms, or other information your audience must know in order to understand your position.An introduction must grab the attention of your readers and make them want to continue reading. Your thesis must be supported by facts, examples, reasons, and other objective research in the body of your essay. The essay ends with a conclusion that neatly wraps up your essay. Use the Thesis Plus Support approach to write expository essays and other types of academic papers, including the research paper. Four Ways to Develop Expository Essays There are four basic ways to develop expository essays: 1. Topic: An expository essay developed by topic systematically organizes information about a topic (someone or something) in the most logical fashion, for example, from the least important to the most important characteristics of a mammal. 2.Time order: An expository essay developed by time order involves the sequential or chronological organization of information from one time period to anoth er. This type of expository development arranges information according to date or specific time, for instance, from the earliest to the most recent or vice versa. An essay about armed conflict in the Middle East might use this type of organization. 3. Space order: An expository essay developed by space order involves the spatial organization of ideas. This arrangement refers to information that deals with the location of people, places, or things; for example, the nearest planet to the farthest away from Earth. 4. Informative process: An expository essay developed by informative process may best be described as a how to essay, or demonstration.This essay involves a step-by-step process, with steps arranged in their natural order, for example, â€Å"How to Write an Expository Essay†. Because classifications cannot always be strictly defined, it is also possible for writers to combine development types within one expository essay. Wrap-Up This course presents the basics of effe ctive essay writing. Learning to write effective expository essays prepares you to write longer, more complex research papers in other University of Phoenix courses. Learning to write well also improves your critical-thinking and organizational skills, laying the groundwork for success not only in college, but also in your current or future career.