The Lgbt Community - 1083 Words

With the current social revolution flipping the closed mindsets of both adults and today’s youth, we have become overly comfortable with pastly outrageous ideas. For instance, many new policies have been made protecting the newly accepted LGBT community. These are people who have every right to be who they are. People are now able to openly express themselves, but at what cost? When this escalades to extreme measures, where do we know where to stop? How will we know where the morale in these new social ideas run out? An idol to the LGBT community, newly renamed Caitlyn Jenner has revolutionized the way many people view transgender people. But with this new viewpoint in support of her, many people are trending this life changing decision. In some cases, this could even be considered a fad. The question stands: When should a person be able to make this decision to change their gender?. In response, no person should be able to make a decision as possibly detrimental as a sex-chan ge has in the past proven to be, without the mind of at least 18 years old. In opposition, many believe that with the parent of a transgender child should have the right to give the â€Å"yes† the doctor needs to perform a sex change. This can help a minor develop the same identity as a regular teenager might have the opportunity to during the time period before 18. In such a critical time of development, having lesser of an understanding of who you will be after a sex-change can hurt social aspects of aShow MoreRelatedLgbt Community And The Community1240 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of the paper will be discussing about the LGBT community or, also known as the GLBT community, which is defined as a group of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders. The LGBT community organizes a lot of support and movement for civil rights all around the world, for example, parades. The paper in mind for this integrative project will be discussing about how North Americans became more approachable to be acceptant towards the LGBT community mainly concentrating in Canada and the UnitedRead MoreThe Community Of The Lgbt Community Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagessaid that I still liked guys† (Boso). Although his family became more supportive as he became older, he still had to deal with the backlash from his family while most of his friends were supportive. This is the case for many individuals in the LGBT community who are afraid of coming out to their family. Coming out to your family and friends can be and is a crucial point in someone’s life. The process of coming out and how this affects personal relationships, the break in communication between themRead MoreLgbt Diversity : The Lgbt Community1932 Words   |  8 PagesIn the Introduction to LGBT+ Studies class we discussed many themes of the history of the LGBT+ community, these themes include; oppression, fighting for our visibility and having it delayed, and a sort of power within the community. The LGBT+ community has gone through an immense amount of oppression, having to fight its way into the light and having it be pushed aside multiple times. In a historical context when the LGBT+ community started to show itself so to speak was around the 1920’s thereRead MoreLgbt Diversity And The Lgbt Community1274 Words   |  6 Pagesrights of the LGBT community are very prominent and is a major topic of discussion within politics. LGBT which stands for (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, and Trans) encompasses all of those who fall under those categories and those who support the community as well. With the legalization of gay marriage in all 50 states by the U.S Supreme Court the LGBT community is making milestones when it comes to having the same rights as heterosexual couples. With its growing presence in the community it is essentialRead MoreLgbt Orientation And The Lgbt Co mmunity1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis it that the LGBT community wants? The answer is simple. LGBT want the same chance as everyone else to pursue health and happiness, earn a living, be safe in their communities, serve their country, and take care of the ones they love. The main issue concerning LGBT people is â€Å"coming out†, which is the process of understanding, accepting, and valuing one’s sexual orientation/identity. Coming out includes both exploring one’s identity and sharing that identity with others. LGBT individuals haveRead MoreLgbt Employment : Lgbt Community2223 Words   |  9 PagesNichole Raffle Supplemental Paper April 25th 2016 LGBT Employment Rights in the Workplace Introduction Throughout history there have been numerous legal cases and issues relating to the LGBT community involving workplace equality. One topic that has recently been a popular issue would be the employment rights for LGBT individuals. Equal treatment in the workplace and not being discriminated against for your sexual identity or sexual orientation is extremely important in today’s society. DuringRead MoreLgbt Community : The Transgender Community930 Words   |  4 Pages LGBT COMMUNITY: Excuse me, what are you doing here in the women s restroom? You are not supposed to be in here; there are no men urinals here!! Yelled the raggedy old lady with a crazy hairstyle, across the bathroom stall, as I was entering the women restroom in the target. Miss Roa face turned tomato red and said â€Å"Excuse me; I am a young lady who deserves fairness, righteousness, and equality. In this country, everyone should have the same equal rights no matter what!! So if you can excuseRead MoreLGBT Community and Discrimination.1291 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the words â€Å"LGBT† and â€Å"Homosexuality† it often conjures up a mental picture of people fighting for their rights, which were unjustly taken away or even the social emergence of gay culture in the world in the1980s and the discovery of AIDS. However, many people do not know that the history of LGBT people stretches as far back in humanity’s history, and continues in this day and age. Nevertheless, the LGBT community today faces much discrimination and adversity. Many think the problemRead MoreLgbt Rights Movement And The Lgbt Community1288 Words   |  6 PagesA social situation that took place in the 20th century was the Gay Rights Movement, also known as the LGBT social movement. I prefer not to call this social event a problem, for the reason that after researching this topic, I found that it was a great achievement for the LGBT community. LGBT stands for lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender. The purpose of the Gay Rights Movement was to organize efforts to end the criminalization of homosexuality and protect the civil rights of homosexuals. TheRead MoreThe Rights Of The Lgbt Community Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Jurisdiction of power between the Federal government’s power and state’s rights is a continuous struggle throughout our nation’s history. A current case which affects the LGBT community wherein states have enacted discriminatory law s that infringe upon the rights of the LGBT community. In North Carolina the House Bill 2 has been a major cause of controversy amongst many residents of North Carolina as well as the United States as a whole. From the constitutional standpoint, North Carolina has overstepped

Change of Audience †Letter to Peer Free Essays

Three skills an Administrative Medical Assistant needs to possess are planning, strategy and effective communication. Planning is a criterion that is required in the job description of a medical assistant. Medical Assistants should be able to plan appointments for the specified times needed for the availability a patient needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Change of Audience – Letter to Peer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical assistants should also be able to plan well for ordering medical supplies, if a medical assistant does not have planning or organizational skills the company he or she is working for will be out supplies and cannot care for the patients or use the materials needed to complete everyday tasks. Strategy is a skill that medical assistants need to possess in everyday job experiences. Strategy is something that every person uses on a day to day basis. A good medical assistant should be able to strategize to achieve any goal he or she desires. Working in the medical field there are chaotic days that a person needs to be able to make quick and accurate decisions within an instant. Medical assistants need to be able to strategize each course of action he or she needs to decides and it needs to be accurate and effective because the company is in stake of each strategic decision. Communication is a skills that every person possess however to be a good medical assistant effective communication is important. Medical assistants use communication at the office answering phones, planning patient’s appointments, and greeting patients with professional hospitability. The medical assistant is the first person a patient see’s when entering the office everyday therefore a medical assistant needs to possess the abilities to understand, listen and control the behavior of other individuals and groups. Medical assistants should be understanding of patient’s complaints and should have the ability to be a good listener and give professional feedback to the patients. Patients sometimes need someone other than family members and friends to listen and understand their problems and situations and as a professional healthcare employee medical assistants need to possess these skills. How to cite Change of Audience – Letter to Peer, Papers

The Convicts of Great Expectations Jack Maggs free essay sample

A comparison of Charles Dickens character, Able Magwitch, and Peter Careys character, Jack Maggs. This essay compares Charles Dickens? ?Great Expectations? with Peter Carey?s ?Jack Maggs.? The author examines how the portrayal of the convict characters Abel Magwitch and Jack Maggs are compared and contrasted, revealing astonishing similarities between the two characters, despite the different backgrounds of their authors. From the Paper: Peter Carey?s novel, Jack Maggs, and Charles Dicken?s Great Expectations whilst built on the same story line, were written by two authors from different countries and different times. It would therefore not be amiss for a reader to assume that their respective portrayals of a convict, who earns his wealth in New South Wales and sponsors a London street urchin to gentlemanly status, would differ markedly. This assumption, however, is quickly contradicted upon comparison of the two texts. Both Dickens and Carey, despite their different backgrounds, portray their respective convict characters, Able Magwitch and Jack Maggs, with great empathy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Convicts of Great Expectations Jack Maggs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Sartrean Existentialism Essays - Philosophy, French People

Sartrean Existentialism has traditionally been read as an application of Sartrean existentialism to the problem of women. Critics have claimed a Sartrean origin for Beauvoir's central theses: that under patriarchy woman is the Other, and that 'one is not born a woman, but becomes one.' An analysis of Beauvoir's recently discovered 1927 diary, written while she was a philosophy student at the Sorbonne, two years before her first meeting with Sartre, challenges this interpretation. In this diary, Beauvoir affirms her commitment to doing philosophy, defines the philosophical problem of 'the opposition of self and other,' and explores the links between love and domination. In 1927, she thus lays the foundations of both Sartre's phenomenology of interpersonal relationships and of her own thesis, in The Second Sex, that woman is the Other. Her descriptions of the experience of freedom and choice point to the influence of Bergson, specifically his concepts of 'becoming' and ?lan vital. Tracing Beauvoir's shift fro m her apolitical position of 1927 to the feminist engagement of The Second Sex points to the influence of the African-American writer, Richard Wright, whose description of the lived experience of oppression of blacks Movies and Television

How to Start an Academic Club in School

How to Start an Academic Club in School For students planning to apply to a selective college, membership in an academic club is a must. College officials will be looking for activities that make you stand out, and club membership is an important addition to your record. This doesnt mean you will have to feign interest in an organization that already exists. If you share a strong interest in a hobby or subject with several friends or fellow students, you may want to consider forming a new club. By forming an official organization that really interests you, you are demonstrating true leadership qualities. Wanting to take on the role of a leader is only the first step. You need to find a purpose or theme that will engage you and others. If you have a hobby or interest that you know enough other students share, go for it! Or maybe there is a cause you want to help. You could start a club that helps keep the natural spaces (like parks, rivers, woods, etc.) clean and safe. And once you establish a club around a topic or activity you love, you are sure to stay more engaged. You might receive the added honor of recognition from the public and/or school officials who appreciate your initiative. So how should you go about this? If you are starting a club at school, you may want a teacher to serve as advisor as a first step. You may need a teacher or coach just to gain permission for using school facilities.The teacher or advisor may be temporary. Sometimes, a teacher will start the first meeting and encourage students to follow through with organization.The most important requirements for starting a successful club are interest and commitment.Once you know you have a team willing to commit to a regular meeting time and a cause, you can manage the rest with ease.Next you will need clear organization. Structure will keep the club together in slow times (like during a few heavy months of heavy homework and testing) or in the event of a disagreement. Steps to Forming a Club Appointment of a temporary chairman or president. At first you will need to assign a temporary leader who will preside over the drive to form the club. This may or may not be the person who serves as permanent chairman or president.Election of temporary officers. The members should discuss which office appointments are necessary for your club. Decide whether you want a president or chairman; whether you want a vice president; whether you need a treasurer; and whether you need someone to keep the minutes of each meeting.Preparation of constitution, mission statement, or rules. Decide upon a committee to write a constitution or rule booklet.Register club. You may need to register with your school if you plan to hold meetings there.Adoption of constitution or rules. Once a constitution is written to everyones satisfaction, you will vote to adopt the constitution.Election of permanent officers. At this time you can decide if your club has enough officer positions, or if you need to add s ome positions. Club Positions Some of the positions you should considered are: President: Leads meetingsVice president: Plans eventsSecretary: Records and reads minutesTreasurer: Handles fundsHistorian: Keeps a picture book and notesPublicity Officer: Makes and distributes flyers, postersWeb master: Maintains web site General Order of a Meeting You can use these steps as a guideline for your meetings. Your specific style can be less formal, or even more formal, according to your goals and tastes. Call to order by the president or chairmanReading and approval of the minutes from the previous meetingDiscussion of old businessDiscussion of new businessProgramAdjournment Things to consider When to meet and how oftenHow many members you can handleHow much funding you will needWays to raise moneyWhether or not to have club duesActivities for everyone to participate in Finally, you will want to make sure that the club you choose to create involves an activity or a cause that you really feel comfortable with. You will be spending a lot of time on this venture in the first year.

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water Drowning in fresh water is different from drowning in salt water. For one, more people drown in fresh water than salt water. Around 90% of drownings occur in freshwater, including swimming pools, bathtubs, and rivers. This is partly because of the chemistry of the water and how it affects osmosis. Drowning in Salt Water Drowning involves suffocating while in water. You dont even need to breathe in the water for this occur, but if you do inhale salt water, the high salt concentration will prevent the water from crossing into your lung tissue. When people drown in salt water, its usually because they cant get oxygen or expel carbon dioxide. Breathing in salt water creates a physical barrier between the air and your lungs. A person who has inhaled salt water will not be able to breathe again until the salt water is removed. However, that does not mean there wont be lingering effects. Salt water is hypertonic to the ion concentration in lung cells, so if you swallow it the water from your bloodstream will enter your lungs to compensate for the concentration difference. This will cause your blood to thicken, putting a strain on your circulatory system. Extreme stress on your heart can lead to cardiac arrest within eight to 10 minutes. The good news is that its relatively easy to rehydrate your blood by drinking water, so if you survive the initial experience, you are well on the road to recovery. Drowning in Fresh Water Surprisingly, you can die from breathing in fresh water even hours after you have avoided drowning in it. This is because fresh water is more diluted with respect to ions than the fluid inside your lung cells. Fresh water doesnt cross into your skin cells because keratin essentially waterproofs them, but water will rush into unprotected lung cells to try to equalize the concentration gradient across the cell membranes. This can cause massive tissue damage, so even if the water is removed from your lungs there is still a chance you might not recover. Heres what happens: Fresh water is hypotonic compared to lung tissue. When water enters the cells, it causes them to swell. Some of the lung cells may burst. Because capillaries in your lungs are exposed to the fresh water, water enters the bloodstream, diluting your blood. This causes blood cells to burst (hemolysis). Elevated plasma K (potassium ions) and depressed Na (sodium ion) levels may disrupt the hearts electrical activity heart, causing ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest from the ion imbalance may occur in as little as two to three minutes. Even if you survive the first few minutes underwater, acute renal failure may occur from the burst blood cells in your kidneys. If you drown in cold fresh water, the temperature change as the water enters your bloodstream may even cool your heart enough to cause cardiac arrest from hypothermia. On the other hand, in salt water, the cold water does not enter your bloodstream, so the effects of temperature are mainly limited to heat loss across your skin.

Impacts of MIS on Aramex Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Impacts of MIS on Aramex - Assignment Example As the discussion stresses  the managers will have to train and educate the employees on the various impacts MIS has on the entire organization’s operations, especially if they are to achieve competitive advantage. For Aramex, the way they implement their MIS will determine whether IT will drive their business or whether it will become a function to be absorbed by business lines as their managers become more versed with the systems. For this reason, this paper will seek to determine the impact of MIS on Aramex’s decision-making, organizational structure, data security, as well as the impact that future trends are likely to have on Aramex’s strategy.  This paper highlights that  Aramex has an abundance of data at their disposal that they can draw on when making decisions. Aramex can use many tools in the analysis of data to improve on their decision-making. According to Mr. Iyad Kamal, Aramex COO, they use the Performance Planning Value Chain to enhance thei r decision making. Through this, they are able to bring a vast collection of analytical tools to focus efforts and extract data value in adding value to the organization.  MIS aids in the process of value extraction from data, such as the development of a hypothesis, data gathering, data analysis, data interpretation, communication of insights, and making decisions that are informed to take action.  At Aramex, their MIS framework compares to the Plan Do Check Act cycle, which is an almost modern quality control.

As a consultancy group of 2 members you have been commissioned to Essay

As a consultancy group of 2 members you have been commissioned to present your findings on how motivation of employees may be different in the public sector - Essay Example Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory emphasize that each person has five (5) basic needs, which are (PLS 500, page 6): 1)Physiological needs (hunger, thirst, shelter and other bodily needs); 2) safety needs that includes security and protection; 3) social needs which encompasses affection, acceptance and a sense of belongingness; 4) esteem needs which are self-respect, recognition and achievement and; 5) self actualization where an individual becomes his ultimate self through his own capabilities. Each need within the hierarchy should be satisfied before being able to say that he or she is actually contented with what he or she became. To relate motivation of employees with the preceding statements, it is essential to remember that the hierarchy of needs is not sufficient to drive a certain individual to reach his goals in life. Often, most motivating factors stem out of one’s culture and beliefs, which when taken generally is not the same baseline for everybody. Taking this into consideration, motivation in the workplace is affected by several variables which cannot be controlled by the individual to suit his wants and goals. These variables or outside factors are: 1) Ability, 2) leadership, 3) organizational culture, 4) technologies and 5) institutional constraints (PLS 500, page 6). As in any workplace or company that employs a number of people who may have similar or dissimilar goals, it is significant to note that these external factors may cause complication that would hinder or limit one’s ability to actually accomplish a desired objective. Reinforcement theory is the balance between performance and pay. In a review done by James Perry, et al. an organization’s desire to increase productivity and outcome will depend greatly on the monetary rewards that are to be given to an employee who has

The blind side Essay Example for Free

The blind side Essay â€Å"The Blind Side† is based on the remarkable true story of Baltimore Ravens offensive left tackle Michael Oher (Quinton Aaron). Michael grew up in the inner city housing projects with his mother in Memphis, Tennessee aptly named â€Å"Hurt Village†. Michael’s story begins with him being homeless and coming from a broken home with a drug-addicted mother, and an absentee father. Because of his family circumstances, Family Services took control of his life as he was growing up. Unfortunately, he was being bounced around in and out of foster homes, and now as a teenager he has taken it upon himself that he would rather be homeless. By a stroke of luck, and the coach’s wish for a player the size of Michael, he ends up enrolling in a private Christian school where the Tuohy kids go. Michael is a quiet person. He is shown to have a kind of childish personality, because he tries to play with kindergarten children (Rachel St. Gelais) who reject or ignore him. Michael is befriended by S.J. Tuohy (Jae Head), the youngest Tuohy whose connection to Michael starts the ball rolling. One icy winter night, as Michael is walking down the road to the school gym, where he is sleeping, Leigh Anne Tuohy (Sandra Bullock) with her husband Sean (Tim McGraw) and children Jae and Collins (Lily Collins) pick Michael up and take him home for the night. However, he stays for the next night, which puzzles Sean, although the children accept Michael matter-of-factly. Soon, Leigh Anne offers him a room and bed. As she starts making him greater and greater favours, he comes to research through Michael’s exams, and the only positive feedback that teachers could ever say about him is that he had big protective instincts. Leigh Anne will use that to explain him how to play in the field. Up to that moment, he wasn’t able to get the hang of the game and its rules, and he wasn’t able to understand what his role in the field was. From that moment, Michael starts to play well and be useful to his team. At the traditional Christmas card photograph of that year, Leigh Anne invites him to appear on the photo. Leigh Anne’s friends Beth (Rhoda Griffs), Elaine (Eaddy Mays) and Sherry (Ashley LeConte Campbell) meet regularly at a local expensive restaurant. The friends laugh about Leigh Anne’s â€Å"project in the projects†, but she cuts it off, saying that if they don’t respect what she does, she will stop seeing them. An opportunity arises for Michael to play at  university level. However, he needs his grades to improve, so the Tuohys hire a private tuition teacher, outspoken and kind Miss Sue (Kathy Bates), who will immediately succeed. During their Geography lesson, she makes a stupid remark about some univerity burying the bodies of dead people in their game field, which Michael seems to believe blindly. There comes a momen when Leigh Anne wants to have a face-to-face conversation with Michael’s mother(Adriane Lenox). Although she seems unresponsive in the beginning, the mother finally wishes Michael the best. She says that social services had branded Michael â€Å"a runner†, and she forecasts that Leigh Anne will find one day that he has run away for good without giving any previous notice. Leigh Anne also faces some guys from the projects which had threatened Michael. They are left speechles when she threatens them and is not afraid of them at all. Three universities want Michael. S. J. talks to the coaches, and leads the negotiations on Michael’s behalf. When Michael gets his grades high enough, he must make a decision, and he does. He chooses the university where Sean had played for, and where Leigh Anne was a cheerleader. That causes Investigator Granger (Sharon Morris) to move onto the matter before Michael arrives there. She questions him as though they were holding interrogatory preceding at a police station. She thinks that the Tuohys and Miss Sue are using Michael to benefit that particular university. After thinking and questioning Leigh Ann on the matter, Michael realises that the Tuohys are now his family, and tells Granger that that’s the reason for him to choose that university. The film ends saying that he’ll succeed and become a professional player later on. S. J went out to the gamefield with Michael before all local games.

Faulkners Light in August - The Measure of a Man :: Light August Essays

"Light in August": The Measure of a Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most influential people in the world during the past two thousand years may be surprising to some people. He is the center of controversy after controversy; nations have risen and fallen because of his name. Year after year, men and women are persecuted and killed because of their devotion to a man who walked this earth before any of them can even trace their ancestry, Jesus Christ. One might say that Joe Christmas, William Faulkner's unforgettable version of a rebel without a cause, is the complete opposite of Jesus. Yet the main character of Faulkner's 1932 book "Light in August" is not that different from God's Son. There are many similarities and differences between Jesus Christ and Joe Christmas. A major difference between Joe Christmas and Jesus is the character of each man. Joe Christmas has been walking along a path filled with debauchery since a very tender age. When he is five years old, he is caught eating toothpaste in a closet while two employees at the orphanage where he lives make love. While this is not his fault, he is still indirectly punished for it, by being sent away to live with the McEachern's. His adopted parents are strict Presbyterians, and Joe literally has the Bible beaten into him by his stern stepfather. By the time he is a teenager, he cannot stand being forced to have religion, so he frequently sneaks away from his adoptive family's house in the middle of the night. One fateful night, he goes to go to a dance with a prostitute, and ends up killing his stepfather, who has chased him to the school where the dance is being held. From then on, Joe is his own person, going wherever the wind takes him. Jesus, on the other hand, has been holy and perfect s ince the day He was born. He is the "son of the Most High God." (Luke 8:28, NIV) He has never done anything that is not morally right, or let himself be blown around by life's breezes. Faulkner probably made this change because he understood a lot about human nature. He knows that someone perfect would be incapable of committing murder. It is difficult to believe that Jesus would murder anyone, be it his adopted father Joseph or even someone who threatened to kill him first. Faulkner's Light in August - The Measure of a Man :: Light August Essays "Light in August": The Measure of a Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most influential people in the world during the past two thousand years may be surprising to some people. He is the center of controversy after controversy; nations have risen and fallen because of his name. Year after year, men and women are persecuted and killed because of their devotion to a man who walked this earth before any of them can even trace their ancestry, Jesus Christ. One might say that Joe Christmas, William Faulkner's unforgettable version of a rebel without a cause, is the complete opposite of Jesus. Yet the main character of Faulkner's 1932 book "Light in August" is not that different from God's Son. There are many similarities and differences between Jesus Christ and Joe Christmas. A major difference between Joe Christmas and Jesus is the character of each man. Joe Christmas has been walking along a path filled with debauchery since a very tender age. When he is five years old, he is caught eating toothpaste in a closet while two employees at the orphanage where he lives make love. While this is not his fault, he is still indirectly punished for it, by being sent away to live with the McEachern's. His adopted parents are strict Presbyterians, and Joe literally has the Bible beaten into him by his stern stepfather. By the time he is a teenager, he cannot stand being forced to have religion, so he frequently sneaks away from his adoptive family's house in the middle of the night. One fateful night, he goes to go to a dance with a prostitute, and ends up killing his stepfather, who has chased him to the school where the dance is being held. From then on, Joe is his own person, going wherever the wind takes him. Jesus, on the other hand, has been holy and perfect s ince the day He was born. He is the "son of the Most High God." (Luke 8:28, NIV) He has never done anything that is not morally right, or let himself be blown around by life's breezes. Faulkner probably made this change because he understood a lot about human nature. He knows that someone perfect would be incapable of committing murder. It is difficult to believe that Jesus would murder anyone, be it his adopted father Joseph or even someone who threatened to kill him first.

Discussion As A Learning Strategy Education Essay

Askell-Willams and Lawson ( 2005 ) has carried out a sophisticated survey in teaching-learning treatment, they investigated the subject in different facet, and the overview below are concluded by positions of expertness in positions of psychological, sociological-constructivism and socio-linguists. There is a convincing ground that why treatment can function as instruction and larning intent. Dillon ( 1994 ) stated that treatment can profit in â€Å" apprehension of capable affair and declaration of issues related to the capable affair and its educational map ; personal growing ; and apprehension of the value of group contemplation and deliberation † . Discussion is besides a primary mechanism in pupils ‘ societal minutess. The treatment itself served as a cognition building procedure. Social minutess in schoolroom can promote pupil to set the cognition into â€Å" public sphere † , their logical thinking and understands can so be the augmented, examined, elaborated, critiqued and related to the apprehensions of other people. Tobin, Tippins, and Gallard ( 1994 ) besides stated that the function of treatment provided a perfect platform for pupils to interact. Group interaction can supply a background in which pupil can be negotiate differences of sentiment and seek understanding. It is more of import that pupil can bring forth inquiry and clear up apprehension of specific content. Peers interaction can develop their ability to talk out, fearless in order to take a proper base. Based on the societal cognitive position, discourse is besides a primary deliberation tool for cognitive development. Nuthall ( 1997 ) proposed that the possible benefit of discourse is â€Å" transactional relationship between socio-cultural experience and self-organizational activities of the head † . Such activities of the head are facilitated through treatment, Askell-Willams and Lawson showed us an illustration. If a pupil merely acquires cognition from a instructor, the pupil will merely integrate the â€Å" individual dependent position of the student-teacher relationship † . If, on the other manus, the pupil acquires the cognition in treatment in which different positions are described, explained and debated, the pupil ‘s representation of the scheme will integrate a â€Å" larger web of intertwined societal and logical relationships † . Such a web defines the dimensions of a mental infinite within which the pupil can research, interact with, and se ek out alternate beliefs, statements, and decisions. ( Nuthall, 1997, p. 743 )Problem rose from treatmentOf class utilizing treatment as a acquisition scheme is non suited in every state of affairs. Baxter, Woodward and Olson ( 2001 ) showed that larning through category treatment might non effectual for those â€Å" low-achieving † pupils, it is excessively hard for them to involved in the treatment often and they may non hold opportunity to talk out harmonizing to their shyness. Hollander ( 2002 ) besides noted that the organisation of effectual treatment at the single degree is non straightforward. Some pupil talk much while other negotiations small, the content of treatments can be awkward, there is no warrant that the treatment content will be â€Å" threaded in a coherent mode † and non all pupils might hold developed effectual accomplishment for part. It should besides be noted that, go forthing pupil discuss by their ain will non prosecuting an effectual treatment. Many pupils need specific direction in order to cognize how to inquire proper inquiries and give proper respond. Although the expertness may hold that treatment is a possible acquisition scheme for instruction, the cardinal shareholder is the scholar. If pupils ‘ cognition is non plenty to let them to do effectual usage of a treatment, merely like â€Å" how to move efficaciously † , â€Å" how to inquire proper inquiries â€Å" and â€Å" how to give proper respond † , in this state of affairs, the benefit of treatment as a acquisition attack are improbable to be survey.The value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online acquisition EnvironmentJ. Clark / Stimulating coaction and treatment in online larning environments Internet and Higher Education 4 ( 2001 ) 119-124 From the above, we can see that how discussion benefit in pupils ‘ acquisition, here we will discourse the value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online Learning Environments ( OLEs ) . Clark ( 2001 ) stated that although it is accomplishable that larning with pupil interaction ( inactive acquisition ) , active acquisition through interaction including â€Å" module playing as equals, ushers, and moderators † is by and large see more effectual and good suited to OLEs. Discussion is non like the traditional teacher talk method of instruction. Discussion and coaction increased pupils ‘ engagement in which engages pupils actively participated in the acquisition procedure comparison with the traditional teacher talk learning method, treatment are able promote the belonging of â€Å" pupils ‘ accomplishment and satisfaction † . ( Hiltz, 1998 ; Johnson, 1981 ) . † Clark stated that, although the pupil and teacher remained as a cardinal participant in the treatment as larning scheme, there are still some different between the traditional schoolroom and OLEs. The diagram stated below illustrated their different.Tradition ClassroomLecture TimeLecture clip is limited Online categories run 24 hr a twenty-four hours from the beginning to the terminal of the classClass BreakCasual conversations in the schoolroom will interrupt the order of the category Discussion forums have replaced the insouciant conversations in the schoolroom and have a lasting written logDiscussion qualityDiscussion in category are ever rapid and experimental Discussions are no longer rapid and experimental. The treatment tool can be good defined in order to ease pupils ‘ treatmentRespond TimeDiscussion in category are ever conduct spontaneously, pupil has no adequate clip to believe about the inquiry and make a proper respond Students have adequate clip to read other pupil ‘s remarks, do research, and explicate a elaborate responseStudent Secret DialoguesSecret pupil duologues are non easy gimmick during the category For the treatment room there are no concern about secret pupil duologues, all informations will be logged and all the interactivities can be trace out from logTime and Space LimitationStudents may non take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours ; the treatment is limited by the location and infinite. Students may take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours that suits them from work, place, or while going.Students ‘ MotivationThe treatment is Instructor mediated, teacher played an of import to actuate pupil to larn. The subject imposed by traditional fixed meeting times and topographic points with reminders of due day of the months is replaced by the demand that the pupils self-motivate and keep control of their parts and deadlines. Fig1. The different between traditional schoolroom and OLEs.The Shift of Face to Face treatment to Computer Mediated DiscussionFrom the last session, we can see that there is advantage of utilizing OLEs in treatment than traditional schoolroom. How about pupil? Do they besides want to utilize the electronic resources to larn and interact with each other? An and Frick ( 2006 )[ I ]found that pupil preferred to utilize computing machine mediated communicating ( CMC ) than face to face ( F2F ) as communicating media under certain status. Here are the grounds: Flexibility The location and clip become an independent variable in CMC such that pupil can execute treatment on web anyplace. Interactivity increased The flexibleness of digital acquisition platform besides contributed to the 2nd point, it will increase the interactivity between the pupils and every bit good as the Instructor. The learning manner of the pupils is therefore transform from independent larning to equals larning by the usage of computing machine AIDSs. Sutton ( 2001 )[ two ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) suggested that CMC has caused the displacement from â€Å" correspondence acquisition † to â€Å" societal acquisition † . Berge ( 1995 )[ three ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) has besides suggested the interaction among teachers, pupils, contents and interface have been â€Å" maximized † in the on-line treatment and therefore ease the constructive thought. Allow pupil to larn by their ain gait When comparison to F2F, CMC provide pupil more clip to react the inquiry. It allows pupil to analysis and reflect the inquiry with adequate clip so that they can compose thoughtful responds. Student can therefore larn by their ain extremum in CMC, they can besides take control to their acquisition and interact with the equal in order to construct cognition.Overview of the Discussion Tool – Synchronized and Asynchronous Discussion toolDiscussion is decidedly a common execution for Computer Mediate Communication. Generally, on-line treatment tool can split in to two types, they are synchronized and asynchronous treatment tool. And as educational platforms, the two distinguishable format of interaction impact otherwise. In this session, we are traveling to look into the pros and cons of these treatment tools in acquisition. What is asynchronous treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , asynchronous direction â€Å" occurs in delayed clip and does non necessitate the coincident engagement of pupil and instructor † . The asynchronous direction was used in distance instruction in the early twelvemonth due to postal holds. The asynchronous voice conferencing are already proven utile in some instructional contexts, text-based asynchronous direction are besides widely used in the post-secondary instruction, it can besides be considered as asynchronous on-line treatment. Johnson stated that pedagogues has been look into the efficiency of asynchronous on-line treatment, they reported that it can â€Å" encouraging in-depth, more thoughtful treatment ; pass oning with temporally diverse pupils ; keeping on-going treatments where file awaying is required ; and leting all pupils to react to a subject † ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . There are besides possible restrictions of the asynchronous treatment room. Student may non look into the forum often, deficiency of self-generated feedback may take pupils experience isolated, it is necessary to pass more clip in the treatment in order to do it mature ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . All in all, Dede and Kremer ( 1999 ) conducted a study to look into the pupils ‘ penchants of asynchronous treatment tool. They found that the asynchronous treatment provided a more comprehensive interchange for them, but it required more clip and provided less societal interaction than synchronal confabs. What is synchronal treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Synchronous direction occurs in existent clip and requires the coincident engagement of pupils and instructor † . The synchronal direction was used in the closed circuit telecasting on university campus in the early twelvemonth. Until 1980s, video-conferencing and synergistic telecasting connected distant schoolroom, in which, the synchronal treatment let pupil to inquire inquiry and execute interaction in spontaneously, the pedagogues start behavior survey how synchronal treatment tool aid pupil in acquisition. As you can see, synchronal communicating tools allow multiple users communicate with each other at the same clip utilizing text messages, study ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) showed that synchronal confab tools are utile for â€Å" † keeping practical office hours, squad decision-making, and brainstorming, community edifice, and covering with proficient issues † . Spontaneous feedback can do pupil feel connected ; pupil will non experience isolated in this state of affairs, meanwhile, pupil are all actively take part in the treatment tool synchronously, non like asynchronous treatment tool, required pupil to login often to look into for update. But there are still restrictions for the synchronal treatment tool. It is hard to implement synchronal treatment tool comparison with asynchronous treatment tool. It is difficult to acquire pupils online at the same clip, and it is hard in manage large-scale conversation. Lack of contemplation clip for pupil and it is demanding for the hapless typist. ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) Synchronous Versus asynchronous online treatment Educators are normally agreed the larning result of asynchronous on-line treatment room is better the face-to-face treatment. But the restrictions stated above ( isolation and often engagement ) deter them to utilize this mechanism entirely. There lead to the tendency of implementing synchronal confabs tool, it is because synchronal confabs can overrule those restriction, as it â€Å" efforts to emulates † face-to-face treatment. Using synchronal confabs non merely enhanced societal dealing but besides better pupil larning result. Johnson ( 2001 ) suggested the best methodological analysis is uniting the synchronal and asynchronous confabs tool in Online Learning Environment in order to acquire â€Å" higher degrees of pupil satisfaction and command of class demands than execution of either manner in isolation † . Johnson stated that there is a study supported pupil who ‘s used both treatment tools are most likely to accomplish the class demand because utilizing the both tools can maximise â€Å" personal battle in larning † .Review on bing systemInstructor Controlled Chat System ( ICCS ) ICCS ( Thirunarayanan, 2000 ) was proposed to allow the teacher involve into the pupil treatment, it can repair the job with chat confusion and convergence. He proposed two package sweetenings in order to accomplish the purpose: Instructor mediated confabs Teachers will hold two Windowss on their proctor, one is the pupil treatment window and the other is the teacher control window. Each message raised from the pupil will direct to the teacher window foremost earlier published to the other pupils, the teacher will take the relevant inquiry / response to print. Students are merely type and respond to the inquiry until the teacher sends the message to the pupil window Instructor intimations before the confab subdivision The 2nd point is to salvage short remarks ; inquiries and statement in the database before the confab session Begin. Once the pupil is deficiency of thought, the teacher can do usage of the pre-saved statements to inquire inquiry and remind pupils to remain focused on relevant subject. Potential job of ICCS As the treatment flow is extremely depended to the teacher, it will impact the smoothness of the treatment and do it uneffective. As the treatment stuff is censored by the teacher, the quality of the treatment will extremely depends on the quality of the teacher The less attending paid by the scholar as they can trust on the instructor remark or direction. The work load of the teacher will be increased as at that place may hold many treatment groups in a category. Mediated confabs The mediated confab ( Hugo, Pimentel, & A ; Lucena, 2006 ) was designed to avoid â€Å" Message Overload † . Harmonizing to the writers, message overload refers to many messages from the participants are being show at one time. Mediated chat uses the computing machine mediated channel to work out the job. In mediated confab, the pupil message will first direct to the confab waiter and waiting line. The confab waiter will roll up all the messages and print them to the duologue window one by one. The pupil are able to see a queue list in the window, they are able to see their topographic point in the waiting line. If their thought are posted by the pupil in the precedence topographic point in the waiting line, the pupil are able to cancel their submit message and compose a new one to direct to the confab waiter. Potential job of Mediated Chat The system can work out the message overload job is a reasonably effectual manner, nevertheless for the job of easing the effectivity of the treatment. There are some possible jobs in it: With this method it can take down the load of the teacher but there are no AIDSs to assist pupil to believe critically since they are without the aid of the teacher. As the treatment flow is extremely dependent on the confab waiter, there are no manner the quiz or alter the topographic point of the waiting line. CSCL environment for â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2007 )[ four ]proposed a scenario-based asynchronous treatment environment by utilizing the six believing hat theoretical account. In which, the pupil are put on a specific chapeau wholly and lend thought for this coloured chapeau. After the first hat session, a facilitator will travel the whole group to the group reappraisal subdivision ( illustrated in figure5 ) and it will further travel to other hat subdivision onward. For the â€Å" Group reappraisal † , each pupil will knock other scholars ‘ statement, and there is a facilitator to command the critic. Fig5 Scenario-based Process of Discussion The ground of the precedence of the chapeau colour: Red & gt ; While & gt ; Green & gt ; Yellow & gt ; Black and Blue is because: Red Hat: Emotion chapeau, it is easy for the scholar to province his personal sentiment even they are non familiar with the six believing hat method. White Hat: The chapeau of fact, It provided the pupil cardinal information to discourse. Green hat & gt ; Yellow hat & gt ; Black chapeau: These chapeaus used to lend thoughts and standing point to the treatment, it is a good manner to set it after the emotion chapeau and the chapeau of fact. Blue chapeau: Using bluish hat as a summarized chapeau. It is the best manner to set it at last. The sum-up of the â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion The treatment tool utilizes the six believing chapeaus theoretical account, in which, it provided a platform for parallel thought. And therefore it fulfilled the five advantages we suggested in the last subdivision. The chapeau sequence is logical. Which make the ruddy chapeau at the first, white chapeau follows and the blue chapeau at the terminal. Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2006 ) have examined their theoretical account uses questionnaire, they found this system can lend to the assorted point of view for a given subject and supply the relaxation to sum up. There are some points we can take from this system: It is a good manner to allow the pupil to lend thought wholly ( all pupil contribute to a hat one by one ) at the really get downing. It can coerce to student to believe in different way at least one time. But we believe that it is better to lodge one pupil a peculiar function after the first rhythm. It is because the group may be ignored some minor thought during the ulterior treatment ( e.g. feeling ) . If we stick a pupil to a peculiar function after the first rhythm. The job will be fixed. ( Details flow will be explained in following chapter ) The system should enable some characteristics to ease the pupil to summarized thoughts. Meanwhile, it is besides a of import point to enable characteristic to ease pupil to take up their specific function.Discussion methodStructured Academic Controversyhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawanddemocracy.org/discussionsac.html â€Å" ControversyA exists when one individual ‘s thoughts, information, decisions, theories, and sentiments are incompatible with those of another, and the two seek to make an understanding † ( Johnson & A ; Johnson, 1995 ) SAC is a learning attack that encourages pupil to take one side at one time and dispute with the other side, pupil will foremost divided in two squads, and they are traveling to reason a subject alternately, they are traveling to reason the subject BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally achieved the understanding on the issue. Structured Academic Controversy is a learning attack that encourages pupils to take on and argue for, alternately, BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally come up with a balanced sentiment about that issue. Students work in braces to go familiar with one side of an issue, and so argument with another brace who has become familiar with the opposing side. Pairs so exchange â€Å" sides, † become familiar with the opposing statement, and argument once more. Finally, the two braces come together to discourse the strengths and failing of each side of the statement, come to a consensus about their corporate sentiment about the statement, and present that thought to the other quads. This learning attack encourages pupils to see all sides of an issue every bit before explicating a concluding sentiment. Philosophic Chairs Discussion Six Thinking Hats Model

What the Best Form of Government Is?

The purpose of this essay is to examine how the philosopher Thomas Hobbes answers the question of â€Å"what the best form of government is† in objection to Plato's answer that philosophers should rule. In this paper, I will defend this statement by using the arguments Plato has made in The Republic on why philosophers should rule and responding to them with critics from Thomas Hobbes, explaining Hobbes belief in absolute monarchy, and using a real-life example of why Thomas Hobbes belief in absolute monarchy is the best form of government.To begin, we must understand the reason behind why Plato decided to make this argument for philosophers to rule. At the time, the Athenian democracy was very unstable; which is the main reason why Plato decided to write The Republic. He believed that he knew the answer to why this instability was happening; â€Å"no competent leadership† (501b), and that is why in the first couple books, Plato focuses on defining the term â€Å"justice† and the prevention measures that a state can take in order to avoid the tyrannies that occurred in the Athenian democracy. As we unravel more, he goes on to write about the importance a governing body has to the state; because it takes the best people found in society and allows them to become moral and political examples for the other â€Å"classes† of citizens. In the Republic Book VIII, he mentions five types of regimes starting off with the best form of government which is called â€Å"aristocracy†. Philosophers ruling in the aristocracy means this regime is funded from wisdom and reason according to Plato. For every regime in Plato's books, he has a man that illustrates what they stand for and are analyzed by Plato to advocate for his best form of government; philosophers as kings that rule. Plato has the aristocratic state divided into three caste-like parts: the ruling class, the auxiliaries, and the rest of people (majority.) Focusing on the ruling class, they are considered the â€Å"golden† ones because they have gold souls and are the only ones capable of ruling. Plato believes that a philosopher king needs to go through proper training from the day they were born in order to become â€Å"golden†. The philosopher kings go through an educational system that aims in training them to become selfless and upright, and they are taught â€Å"The Truth† based on Platonic ideas which allows their souls to become calm and aware of absolute Good. That brings us to an important question; what is absolute good? According to Plato, the absolute Good that philosopher kings can see is the metaphysical origin of all that is good, which includes happiness. Philosopher kings do not focus on personal interests or shadows of Good (such as money, fame) but instead shift their focus towards real happiness. Real happiness for philosopher kings is not to abuse the power given for his own selfish desires, but to dedicate his life into establishing Good in the state. Plato writes in The Republic that humans generally want what is intrinsically good, â€Å"even if the person does not realize the nature of what is good† (Plato 505d). This means that although each person has the ability to commit bad actions, it is general and not based off a fundamental law, but instead appetites and desires. Now we can mention philosopher Thomas Hobbes (who I feel answers this question best) who writes in the â€Å"Leviathan† with a similar belief of strong power and human appetites and aversions, but he does not agree with Plato's statement of humans wanting good necessarily, but rather wanting what protects them best. Hobbes goes on to write how a man in the state of nature living is at risk of a state of chaos because of his appetites and how humans will â€Å"provoke the rest† and create war and aggression. The way both Plato and Hobbes feel about what humans want shapes what kind of ideal society they feel would best work in order to prevent chaos. For Plato, the philosopher kings are the only ones who possess truth and therefore are the only ones who can show average people how to act in society. Meaning that people in society are going to obey the philosopher kings because at the end of the day; everyone wants the general good. However, Hobbes criticizes Plato's theory of this by writing how nobody can achieve the possession of truth and therefore will be uncapable of seeing the good for the state and not themselves. Hobbes feels because nobody can posses the truth; they also can not pass down moral understanding to something they lack and are not qualified in. Hobbes focuses more on ration and logic and does not consider religious aspects or morals when it comes to government which is more effective to this day. The reason he argues for this is that each person has different moral standpoints and it can not simply be summarized for the over all majority because it is simply not fair. Religion as well varies from person to person and a very common reason for civil war in a state comes from the church and the state, when people are having religious practices forced upon them. In an absolute monarchy, everyone must follow the rules placed upon them which are made to keep peace and avoid all these conflicts. Thomas Hobbes does not believe that morality has any importance when it comes to government. The purpose of government according to him is to protect every citizen by reinforcing the laws which keeps society at peace. Hobbes summarizes his theory in the Leviathan by explaining, â€Å"If two want the same thing and they both cannot have it, they become enemies and endeavor to destroy one another† (Hobbes 141). This becomes the political theory he stands for because it further means that unlike Plato, men are constantly in battle with other men due to the lack of satisfaction for what he already has. Hobbes believes because humans are selfish, the only proper form of government is absolute monarchy. In the Leviathan, he uses the argument that a civil society would not be subject to destruction within if it is constructed with an absolute monarchy. An absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy that has one ruler being the supreme power and that power is not limited to any laws that are written, legislations, or customs. He explains how any disagreements between state and church or rival governments or any factionalism in general within society can lead to civil war. He holds onto the concept that any form of civil government that all people of society submit to will maintain common peace because those arising conflict issues will not happen. The sovereign is in charge of running the government, this includes creating the laws, controlling the churches, determining first principles, and solving any conflicts that happen because of different philosophical beliefs. According to Hobbes, only this absolute sovereign can maintain a civil society, and avoid war from being entered into society. Equality also plays an important role in why Thomas Hobbes believes in absolute monarchy. Unlike Plato, he does not believe that anyone is better than anyone else, regardless of differences, no man can see ultimate truth and therefore are not so different after all. I agree with Thomas Hobbes belief in absolute monarchy because as he mentions in the Leviathan his main purpose of supporting absolute monarchy it to try to avoid destruction happening within the state. Civil war can occur in a state from any type of disagreement as Hobbes mentioned between church and state for example that can lead to destruction within, so he feels the best way to avoid that is to create an absolute monarchy so that people will be safe. A real-life famous example of a successful absolute monarchy is in Swaziland and goes way back to the seventeenth-century. Swaziland is the last monarchy left in Africa, but many middle-eastern countries in the world still have this form of government. The power an absolute monarchy has is still shown today when we look at the 1973 emergency act the king of Sobhuza II took declaring the state in emergency in the country is still in effect today. In Swaziland, the king had total authority over the cabinet, legislature, and judiciary of the country. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler can impose rules everyone must follow to aim at protecting the country and keeping peace within.Another real-life example from a more personal standpoint would be the country Jordan, which is in the Middle East and my home country. Jordan is one of the only countries in the Middle East that does not have conflict destroying their countries and does not have war going on. The reason behind this is simply their form of government which is an absolute monarchy. All the power lays on the Hashemite King of Jordan, his name is Abdullah and he is well loved and respected from all the residents living in Jordan. He has managed to keep the country one of the safest countries in the Middle East and has taken care of the general good of everyone in the country. King Abdullah has so much power to the point where there is no freedom of speech when it comes to the royal family, meaning anyone saying anything negative about the king is a crime and can be imprisoned. The reason for this law is that there are many great supporters and lovers of the king who would cause harm and start war with those who speak badly of him and for the general good of keeping everyone at peace; the king just puts those people away to prevent things from escalating. When you really think about it, in this kind of situation both the name of the King and the person who is speaking bad is being protected, which avoided a conflict from rising and creating civil war. Hobbes is right when he says humans are selfish beings who always want more because other countries in the Middle East who are not ran by an absolute monarchy are destroying one another through civil war within their country. In conclusion, Hobbes had a main concern regarding that the most effective form of government- whatever its form- must have absolute authority. He states that their powers must be neither divided nor limited. The reason he feels this as I had mention was for the general well being of the state in avoidance of conflicts occurring from civil disputes. The reason he emphasizes the need for absolutism is because once the authority opens room for limitation of their power, people will over step their limits and their selfish wants will come out and fear is the only way to keep the majority safe. The only uncertainty Hobbes is yet to explain is his treatment of religion. My paper was only looking at the Leviathan, where it becomes unclear how religion plays out in his whole political theory. In other books, Hobbes discussed his Christian religion in each revision for his political philosophy. Conflicting examinations from readers on whether Hobbes meant to use his core Christian commitments that come from absolutism, or if he just disregarded the readers religious beliefs by using irony. Regardless of how Hobbes intentions in Leviathan are understood, it seems to me that Hobbes is a rational thinker who only speaks the truth that many people only obey and treat people well due to fear from higher conquers. In a state of human nature, everyone would do whatever they please because there is no fear; meaning selfish humans will all destroy themselves.

Effective Communication Essays

Effective Communication Essays Effective Communication Essay Effective Communication Essay Most people think communicating is easy, after all it is something we have done our entire lives. There is some truth in this view. Communicating should be straightforward; what makes it challenging, and frustrating are the barriers people put In the way. There are many obstacles affecting communication, however, this paper will concentrate on how emotions can create a barrier. Barrier Team C chose emotions as a barrier because emotions can create a barrier Id the immunization or receiver let their emotion get in the way of the communication; how you say something is as important as what you say, and the receiver needs to keep their emotions out of the intended message too. Most people have experienced communication barriers due to emotions. People In negative moods are more likely to scrutinize messages In greater detail, whereas those in positive moods tend to accept communications at face value (Robbins Judge, 2013, p. MM. One example is in a restaurant setting if someone has a bad r a negative experience they are more likely to complain. Whereas someone who has a positive experience, they are not as likely to tell the manager they had a great experience. Extreme emotions such as Jubilation or depression are most likely to hinder effective communication. In such Instances, we are most prone to disregard our rational and objective thinking processes and substitute emotional Judgments CITATION Robber 353 1033 (Robbins Judge, 2013, p. 353). The reason why people do not think or speak rationally when they experience Jubilation or depression s because they are two extreme emotions that people experience that affect them emotionally . There are countless occasions where someone let emotions interfere with communication; here are a few real life examples. Real life examples A worker In a companys call center communicates with clients Vela telephone. A majority of the calls taken Involve a customer In a high stress situation. The reason for the call is normally that the client is experiencing a problem with their service and wants the problem fixed. This customer is experiencing emotions such as anger, frustration, or confusion. These emotions may cloud the message they are receiving from the customer service representative and can be misinterpreted. The misinterpretation of information may be perceived as an accusation that the problem Is the customers fault or that their business Is not appreciated. This emotional communication barrier could potentially lead to lost business because the emotional client switched service providers. Challenges Conclusion Communicating should be easy; after all, we do it on a daily basis.

Leonardo da Vincis Study of Hands

Leonardo da Vincis Study of Hands This beautiful sketch of three hands is in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle exemplifies Leonardo da Vincis intense attention to, even fascination with, anatomical correctness and the effects of light and shadow. At the bottom, one hand is folded underneath another, more developed one, as if resting in a lap. That lightly-sketched hand seems to be the ghost of the top hand, which holds a sprig of some sort of plant   the outline of the thumb is nearly identical. These two highly developed hands are worked up with dark crosshatchings and white chalk highlights, creating a sense of mass even on a sheet of paper. In each, everything from the muscles of thumb-pads to the wrinkles of skin along the joints of the fingers is depicted with the utmost care. Even when Leonardo lightly sketches the rest of the forearm or the ghost hand, his lines are deft and confident, showing how much he strove to depict the human form correctly. Although the first instance of his studies of anatomy and dissection is not until 1489, in the Windsor manuscript B,  his interest in the subject would no doubt have been bubbling just beneath the surface, and it is certainly evident in this sketch. Leonardo seemed to draw his ideas and notes as they came to him, and in this vein, we also see a lightly sketched head of an old man in the upper left corner; perhaps one of those quick caricatures of a man whose peculiar features struck him as he passed. Many scholars take this sketch as a preliminary study for  The Portrait of a Lady,  who could very possibly be the famous Renaissance beauty Ginevra de Benci, in the National Gallery, Washington, D.C. Although Giorgio  Vasari tells us that Leonardo did indeed create a portrait of Ginevra- an extremely beautiful painting, he tells us- there is no outright evidence that she is, indeed, Ginevra. Additionally, while there is clear evidence that the portrait had been cut down,  there is no further documentation or other drawings that would definitively allow us to say that these hands are hers. Nevertheless, the National Gallery has created a composite image of the sketch and the portrait. Ginevra de Benci is an important Renaissance figure, and John Walker  of the National Galler has argued convincingly that she is the subject of Leonardos portrait. Born into an extremely wealthy and well-connected Florentine family,  Ginevra was a talented poet and friends with Lorenzo de Medici himself. If this is indeed Ginevra, the portrait is further complicated by its patron. While it could have possibly been commissioned in celebration of her marriage to Luigi Niccolini, there is also a possibility that it was commissioned by her possibly platonic lover Bernardo Bembo.  Indeed, no less than three poets, including the aforementioned Lorenzo de Medici himself, wrote of their affair.  There is another sketch dubiously attached to the Ginevra portrait,  Young Woman Seated in a Landscape with a Unicorn, in the Ashmolean Museum; the unicorns presence, like the credo on the verso of the painting (beauty adorns virtue), speak to her innocence and virtue. Sources and Further Reading Giorgio Vasari, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, Florentine Painter and Sculptor,  The Lives of the Artists, trans. Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 293.Walker, John. Ginevra de Benci  by Leonardo da Vinci.  Report Studies in the History of Art.  Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1969: 1-22.

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors Term Paper

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors - Term Paper Example The Chandra Levy case had all the makings of a sensational Greek tragedy – a Representative who apparently was a womanizer and was suspected by many of being a cold-blooded murderer; a pretty, young, naà ¯ve woman from a well-to-do background, who had been having an affair with the United States Representative, and was now missing; incessant leaks from the police force; rumors of Chandras pregnancy, which supposedly gave Condit â€Å"motive† for killing her; and a sensational sit-down interview with Connie Chung that garnered enormous ratings and made Condit look guiltier than ever, due to his evasive answers and arrogant demeanor. The media went wild, and the general public, fueled by the media and prosecutors in the case, â€Å"knew† that Condit was guilty. In the end, there were two casualties – Chandra Levy and Condits career. Both were dead. This was the shameful result of an out-of-control media and prosecutors who were focused on Condit to the expense of all other theories and suspects. As it turned out, an El Salvadoran immigrant is highly suspected of Chandras murder, an immigrant that had been attacking women in the very park where Chandra went before the disappeared, allegedly to meet Condit for a romantic rendezvous that ended with her murder. This last piece of information proved to be inaccurate, or, at the very least, the product of lurid speculation. Condit may have been a lot of things – a womanizer and phony are two pejoratives that come to mind – but he was not a murderer, despite what the media sought to portray. These are the facts of the case. There is no question that the focus of the investigation, in the eyes of the media, prosecutors and public, was on Condit. The question that has not been answered is why? Why didnt the media and prosecutors seize on the possibility that a man who had been attacking women in the park, during the period of time that Chandra went missing, could have been the

Gender in Public and Private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gender in Public and Private - Essay Example On the other hand, private institution such as a family gives equal treatments to both genders with the aim of promoting dam growth and developments. In comparing a family (a private institution) with the government (a public institution), there are differences that can be realized. For instance, family gives equal chances to gender and treats them as one. This implies that the family treats its people equally regardless of their sexual orientation. On the other hand, government as a public institution gives priority to male gender at the expense of female. This is evidenced in the structure of government since male gender takes the topmost seats and women given lower seats (Hutchinson 3). Similarly, the government is full of force since people scramble for resources, hence locking out women or weaker gender. On the contrary, a family has a developed structure allowing distribution of resources without sidelining either gender. Despite the differences, the two institutions have a similarity since they both subordinate the role of a woman. Family as a private institution has a male as the head of the house and a woman as the helper making her play the second fiddle (Hutchinson 5). Similarly, men head most governments and appoint women to take a subordinate role (Hutchinson 5). These examples indicate that social institutions treat both genders differently in private and public

Dealing with Greenwashing in Hotels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dealing with Greenwashing in Hotels - Essay Example With the current gradual shift of the market towards eco-sustainability, companies are finding it hard to operate in the conventional way, with customers putting more pressure to such hotels to comply with environmental sustainability requirements. The eco-tourism sector has many certifications based on eco –sustainability with hotels being awarded ratings and certifications depending on the level in which they comply with environmental standards. Consequently, there are a large number of hotels, pretending to offer eco-friendly services on the surface, with no tangible or practical results in the market today, as customers portray more preference to environmental sustainable services. This is known as greenwashing. This paper discusses the use of strict control and monitoring, and tough penalties as effective ways to discourage greenwashing in hotels. Gallicano (2011) describes ‘Greenwashing’ as the act of deliberately misleading consumers on the environmental pr actices adhered to by an establishment regarding their services and products. This term evolved from the public awareness where the public discovered there were major inconsistencies between companies’ actual behavior and claims regarding eco- -friendly practices, in order to hoodwink and attract more customers using high accreditation from environmental bodies such as LEED. Many companies have used such green-labels as marketing tools with nothing tangible to show with regard to environmental sustainability. Several hotels have developed signs that explain to guests that reusing towels will make savings that would be channeled to charity or environmental organizations (Gallicano, 2011). While such a move is a worthy cause and is supported by many guests, some companies do not end up meeting their bargain as customers are not privy to the internal working policies of such a hotel. Moreover, there are currently vague standards in the hotel industry that create loopholes for gr eenwashing to take place. A research by Dara O’Rourke an environment professor at the University of California noted that 33% of all food products released to the market in 2008 claiming to be natural made false claims. These foods made their way to hotels still claiming to be natural with guests being duped on the real nature of the foods (Erica & Aaron, 2010). 98% of the above foods were found to have a false claim, while 22% of the food products had green claims that could not be established, implying such claims were made to dupe the customers who may not be aware regarding green standards, with hotels serving such food to customers with the belief they are eco-friendly. To avoid greenwashing hotels have the responsibility of making a follow up of all their suppliers to ensure they adhere to green standards. The issue of greenwashing has sensitized customers to a large scale with more and more customers being vigil to the services offered in many tourism hotels across the globe, and particularly those claiming to have attained high levels of green certification. In July 2007, one of the highly influential blogs, TripplePundit.com that has received a large number of similar claims, had elaborate discussions indicating that Going Green has become serious deception in the hotel industry (Jessica, 2008). The blog analyzed some of the leading hotels that included Marriot Hotels, Fairmont Hotels and Starwood’s, all of which claimed to have been granted a LEED certification. From this blog, customers indicated thatch the best extent in which the companies could be claimed to have gone green is through the contribution of 1% of their revenue to local environmental groups. According to customers, most of the

The importance and potential of job rotation

The importance and potential of job rotation Job rotation is the surest way of keeping the employee away complaint and daily routine. It is difficult for an employee to sustain his interest in the given job. Humans have the tendency that they want to earn profit from job rotation like learning and experience in different jobs in a specified period. In an organization, Job rotation has importance because it effects the performance of employees and also effects the profit of a company or organization. By job rotation employees developed himself a lot learn that how the task will complete or what is the parameter is required for the different jobs. A well planned job rotation programmed in an organization has immense potential of positive impact on job satisfaction, engagement of people and finally on retention of people. Few of the outcomes of job rotation with respect to the individual are: Job enrichment Overall development Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges Career development Leadership development Aligning competencies with organizational requirements Lower attrition rates Performance improvement driven by unique view points of new people Organizational interest employee commitment, attrition rates, specific business issues etc. Eligibility of the employees qualification, prior experience, aptitude, competence etc. nature mandatory or voluntary Duration Basis of selection etc. In the absence of aspects brought out above, there is every possibility that the seriousness with which the job rotation scheme is implemented in the company may get diluted and become a cause of sagging employee motivation. Job rotations at different levels of management For job rotations at a slightly higher level, it is absolutely necessary that the business problems in various areas are identified. This calls for the active involvement of top management. Select most suitable people to be shifted from their current jobs to tackle the challenges at hand by considering individual attributes already described above. This will not only provide an insight for the future leaders in various aspects of the business but also will enhance their confidence levels as they solve these critical problems for the organization. Job rotation at junior and middle level executives may be pivoted around their strengths and attributes and the future roles expected of them. Focus must be on exposure in all related areas of his domain of expertise, so that as they grow to higher rungs of the management, they have an overall experience of their domain. Job rotations for workers must include aspects related to work environment, also along with other individual attributes already explained, so that it adds to his satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. Done this way job rotation gets aligned with career development, leadership development and employee satisfaction which would finally result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation among the employees and hence may contribute in retaining talent Benefits of job rotation programs for learning, Motivation and Performance I) Business benefits and impacts 1.  Business results   effective systems improve business results especially in the areas of sales, product improvement and customer service. 2.  Increased productivity   because highly skilled innovators and top performers are placed in the right job, the productivity and effectiveness of these individuals will be multiplied driving and increase in the effectiveness of the overall workforce. 3.  Better business cycle fit   in larger organizations, some parts of the business are in different lifecycle stages (i.e. seed, start-up, established, expansion, decline, and exit). Proactive and targeted movement better ensures that an individual is placed in a business cycle where their skills and interests are a better fit. 4.  Increased innovation and idea generation   moving individuals into new situations provides them with an opportunity to view things as an outsider and to propose new approaches that insiders might not see. 5.  Best practice sharing   as more individuals rotate between business units, the likelihood that best practices will be shared rapidly increases. Increased internal movement can result in the cross fertilization of ideas between previously isolated business units. 6.  Increased agility and flexibility   having the capability of moving talent from areas of low return to areas of high-return increases organizational agility and the ability of management to shift resources as needs change. 7.  Better understanding and cooperation   by rotating individuals between disparate business units, individuals from both units can learn to better understand and appreciate the perspective of others. Increased movement helps to break down hierarchical silos and information and talent hoarding. For example, purchasing professionals can better understand the problems faced by the individuals that have to operate under purchasing guidelines if they occasionally rotated into those business units. 8.  Improved contacts and relationships   increasing internal movement allows individuals to build their contacts and to strengthen their relationship with individuals outside of the direct team. II) People-management related and HR related impacts 11.  More talent is available   because individuals are proactively selected and moved faster, there are more and better qualified individuals available to managers with sudden or new strategic needs, than when individuals self select themselves for movement. 12.  Improved employer brand image   in a tight economy, everyone is likely to be heavily focused on job security. If you provide and publicize your focus on inside hiring preferences, it will bolster the firms external brand image of offering long time employment security and a good place to work because you focus on the needs of your current employees. The increased security that you offer may also increase the retention rate of your current employees. Excellent internal movement programs are frequently praised by employees and the business press. If you have an excellent program, it will help you build your external image as an employer of choice and a best place to work. 13.  Allows for more entry level hiring   by filling most jobs internally through transfers or promotions you allow the firm to do to do almost all of its external hiring at the entry level. This is a good thing because entry-level jobs are cheaper to fill, have a larger candidate pool and give the firm more time to train and assess unknown external hires while they are in jobs where they can do less damage. 14.  Higher retention rates   rapid movement minimizes frustration and burnout. People working in their ideal job are unlikely to find a superior opportunity outside the firm. 15.  Leadership development   multiple on-the-job learning opportunities are likely to develop leaders faster and more effectively because the development assignments will include opportunities to lead more teams under a variety of circumstances. 16.  More promotional opportunities   more rapid development and more internal movement creates a greater number of new opportunities for employees to get promoted and move up. 17.  Increase motivation and excitement   not only is the individual more excited because they have a chance to grow but each permanent internal movement also provides an opportunity to back fill that position, further motivating others to strive for promotions and transfers. 18.  Increased learning   as individuals move more frequently not only will they gain more knowledge but they will also develop mechanisms for learning faster when they enter future situations. 19.  Increase technical skill development   moving between diverse projects provides an increased opportunity to develop current technical skills and to learn new skills. 23.  Decreased time to productivity   your current employees already know the culture, the company jargon and they already have a range of contacts. As a result, internal transfers and promotions can begin the job sooner because they dont need a great deal of orientation to get up to speed and they dont need to give notice before they begin learning and helping out. 24.  Lower job failure rate   because youre hiring individuals that already know the culture and you know their skill set and performance better than external candidates, the job failure and termination rate is generally lower with internal transfers. External hiring costs are significantly higher than the cost of internal transfers. 25.  Increase manager excitement   having different employees with their excitement and new ideas rotate in and out will serve to relieve boredom and help to excite your managers. 26.  More diverse ideas   by having more diverse employees moving in and out of your department, the team will gain diverse ideas, as well as learning how to better understand the value of having a diverse workforce. 27.  Decreased need for layoffs   having a large percentage of your workers that have a broad set of skills as a result of frequent movement means they are more capable of moving into new jobs or business units. This added capability and flexibility means that more workers can be transferred rather than laid-off from business units need to be reduced or shut down. 28.  Individual employee benefits   individual employees will also receive benefits from faster internal movement including more opportunities for development and learning as well as a faster overall career movement because they are proactively placed in the right job. 29.  Increase understanding between overhead in the line   the formerly isolated individuals that work in overhead functions will spend more time working in-line functions. As a result, there will likely be more cooperation and less bureaucracy emanating from overhead functions. 30.  Improving managers   with the increased number of rotations, and the feedback emanating from rotatees, it will be increasingly difficult to remain a hidden bad manager anywhere in the organization. Having more workers join the team might force managers to develop procedure manuals and templates so that new hires can get up to speed more quickly. 31.  A competitive advantage   intramovement programs are designed not in isolation, but instead to provide a competitive advantage over competitors. As a result, the initial design of the program and its periodic updates are designed to ensure that program is superior to what is offered at competitive. CONCLUSION After study the benefits importance of job rotation we can see that its a important process to develop the organization culture productivity of organization. It also helps for the development of employees in the organization or company. By this process employees learn about different jobs and improve the skills and knowledge about jobs. An organization can gain or profit after this program. Because this process developed the working skills and efficiency of the workers. So, job rotation is important for the all the organization. ARTICLES Best Practices for Bank Board Committees Nov 2008, the article is written by David Baris, Community Banker, and Washington. Most bank boards of directors need board committees. Even during these challenging times, there still remain bank boards that do not have committees. Additionally, just having board committees in place doesnt mean that they are functioning well or serving the best interests of the board. In the Guidebook to Effective Bank Board Committees, author Jack Milligan pointed to four critical elements for the successful operations of board committees that may also be considered best practices: 1. a clear, written charter outlining responsibilities, formats for reporting to the full board, composition, and rotation of membership, 2. clearly designated staff support from management, which minimizes confusion when requests are made for information and ensures that the board has the benefits of inside expertise, 3. assurance that all pertinent information is available in advance of committee meetings, and 4. adequ ate time to do the job. Planning for success Jun 3, 1997 in this article Teresa J Dean, Patrick Dalton, Bankers News, Washington says that To make the best use of a consultant, John Kreitler of law firm Shipman Goodwin offers ideas for a written contract, including: 1. Provide a clear description of the work with outcomes and responsibilities. 2. Have a clear schedule that will provide early warning signals of problems. 3. Establish procedures and criteria for what is an acceptable final product. The weekly rotation of jobs in the data processing and customer service sections has improved both morale and productivity at Marion State Bank. Advanced Automated Bank System Goes Live in Norway In March 1988, Fellesdata AS, an advanced, integrated, automatic banking system, went live in Norway. The NCR system includes a network of 16,000 terminals located at 850 savings bank locations. The bank customer benefits from lower service charges and more efficient service, while the banks benefit from better utilization of resources, more opportunities for job rotation, and an enhanced competitive edge. Services offered include: 1. payment of travel fares, 2. hotel and restaurant payments, 3. toll booth payments, 4. business terminals offering banking and other functions, 5. issuance of bank cards, and 6. network management. The banks will offer fully automated services, such as: 1. Minibanks installed at central points in the community, 2. payment of fuel and associated goods, 3. electronic funds transfer at the point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals for payment of goods and services, and 4. a synthetic voice system. With the system, bank employees can provide all services from one wor kstation. The system includes transaction handling of deposits and withdrawals, loans, and credits. Stress Management Training in the Banking Profession Mirabile, Richard J. said that Stress exists when the demands of a situation outweigh the available resources, thereby requiring adaptation or readjustment. A seminar was conducted to provide stress management training to a group of banking professionals in a medium-sized, Midwestern bank. The premise was to identify the primary sources of stress within the profession and to develop a set of strategies designed to deal with each stressor identified. A pre-session questionnaire asked respondents to list what they felt to be the primary obstacles to successful job performance. The stressors listed were placed in 4 groups depending upon their frequency. The most frequent stressor was customer demands/contact. The 2nd phase of the seminar involved addressing specific stressors by suggesting possible methods for effectively managing that stressor. Relaxation techniques were presented to participants to supplement the verbal content of the stress management concept. Small Bank Computer Systems-The Practicalities of Control Tarwater, Joan. In the small computer systems of many banks, traditional electronic data processing (EDP) controls are lacking because either there is no clear separation of duties or resources are limited. This necessitates more active involvement within the top levels of bank management in understanding the capabilities and limits of the data processing function. This involvement represents the best alternative to the formal, traditional controls that may be absent. The computer environments, the audit, the separation of duties represent 3 critical areas where alternative controls need to be developed. Security measures, such as no smoking in the computer room may be amended, for example, to allow smoking in certain areas of the room. Audit duties may be divided between the controller and his secretary and an annual external audit may be instituted. Alternative controls to separation of duties may include job rotation, or increased top-level management in the daily operations of th e data processing function. Rx for Worn-Out Bank Managers Deeney, Jack. American Bankers Association. ABA Banking Journal Deeney, Jack. For companies with increasing numbers of middle- and senior-level managers who do not seem to care anymore, executive rehabilitation should be considered. People are an organizations most valuable resource. A large portion of worn-out managers are the result of technological bypass. Middle- and senior-level managers do not automatically progress through the stages involved in implementing new technologies. They become overwhelmed and confused when they are left behind. Top management must be committed to the rejuvenation of its managers, who need to feel they are important and that they have an opportunity to grow and advance. The managerial personality needs both feedback and challenge. Programs should be directed toward the retention of key executives and the remotivation of marginal performers. The best methods for accomplishing these objectives include: 1. outside training, 2. importing outside experts, 3. apprenticeship with a senior-level manager, 4. restructuring responsibility, 5. job rotation, and 6. multi-level review Floor discussion of Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, by Flanagan . The World HYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQDBankHYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQD Research Observer. In a discussion of Flanagans article, Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, the question was raised as to why unemployment is so high in Central and Eastern Europe and so much lower in the countries of the former Soviet Union, where wages seem to have taken the brunt of adjustment. According to Richard Layard, wage flexibility exists in countries of the former Soviet Union because the workers position relative to management is weak, which has lead to more job rotation than in other countries. Layard mentioned a wage subsidy for downsizing, that is, to limit cyclical employment. Based on US experience with subsidies targeted to particular groups of workers, Flanagan was not convinced that paying the subsidy to the employer gets around the problem, because for some problems the employers choose not to use the subsidy. Flanagan realizes that it was an item of faith in the active labor market community that targeting increases efficiency, but there is at least some evide nce from US targeted wage subsidy programs that targeting may facilitate adverse signaling. The trader: The bulls charge into cyclical stocks, tech shares rally smartly and utilities go begging Bary, Andrew. Barrons. New York, The panic that sent the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunging 171 points a week ago Friday lifted by the following Monday morning, enabling the stock market to regain at least the appearance of its old health. Nearly all the Dows gains came Monday when the average surged 110 points, its 3rd-largest point rise ever. That rapid recovery only reinforced the view among many investors that selloffs are no longer the dreaded events of old but are to be welcomed as a buying opportunity in a great bull market. Out of portfolios went drug companies and makers of household products, along with banks and utilities, and in their place came a host of cyclical industries, including chemicals, aluminum, autos, retailers and technology. DuPont rose 5 1/8 to 81 1/4, while Caterpillar advanced 4 3/4 to 72, and Sears Roebuck added 4 1/4 to 50 1/8. IBM gained 5 5/8 to 119 7/8. The Dows biggest looser was Merck, down 2 1/4 to 62 1/8. Training employees of a public Iranian bank on emotional intelligence competencies Mina Dadehbeigi, Melika Shirmohammadi. Journal of European Industrial Training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of developing emotional intelligence (EI) as conceptualized in Boyatzis et al.s competency model. Design/methodology/approach Designing a context-based EI training program, the study utilized a sample of 68 fully-employed members of five branches of a public bank in Iran; each branch underwent an eight-week (each session 120 minutes) EI training program. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess EI development using emotional competence inventory (ECI-2), a 360-degree measurement tool. Findings Only one EI cluster out of four improved significantly and only some of the specific dimensions showed this significant improvement, while others did not have a clear change and even some self assessments deteriorated. Research limitations/implications Lack of a control group, small sample size, and short training program are the main limitations of this study. Practical implications Detailed explanation of the method could be a g uide for service organizations that wish to improve EI. Originality/value Because of the lack of empirical studies in this field of research, the paper reports the results of a pre-/post study on EI training and development and sets out to add to this narrow literature. 10. BUSINESS LINE: India: MAs seem a reality among public sector banks Businessline. Chennai: Nov 19, 2000 After a successful three-year stint at the helm of the Punjab and Sind Bank (PSB), which turned around sustainably, Mr. Surinder Singh Kohli took over as Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) in April. A mechanical engineer from the Benares Hindu University, Mr. Kohli is also Chairman of the Indian Banks Association (IBA) and the acting Chairman and Managing Director of the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). In a candid interview with Business Line, Mr. Kohli discussed the various issues affecting the banking industry. VRS is not the only method to improve productivity. It is one measure to right-size banks and may increase productivity. Besides the VRS, it is necessary to augment HRD activities, including job rotation, changes in the performance appraisal system and provide incentives that would improve the motivation of bank employees. In the PNB, the VRS is open from November 1-30, and action on the VRS requests will be taken there after. Overall, more emphasis has to be placed on training. We have 10 training centres, a Regional Staff College at Panchukula and an apex college at Delhi. Two more regional training centres are coming up at Thane in Mumbai, and in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. They will bolster the banks existing training capacity. The annual expenditure on training is about Rs 10 crore. Measures such as performance appraisals, career- path and succession planning and the introduction of non-monetary incentives to the staff are being initiated to augment HRD activities. REFRENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_rotation http://www.alagse.com/hr/hr9.php http://www.citehr.com/1205-eight-points-you-need-consider-about-job-rotation.html http://www.allbusiness.com/services/educational-services/4286266-1.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24775105/JOB-ROTATION-AND-TRANSFER/ http://hrmba.blogspot.com/2009/11/job-rotation-and-transfer.html